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Socialist Party of Ukraine

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Socialist Party of Ukraine
Соціалістична партія України
AbbreviationSPU
LeaderViktor Zaika[1]
FounderOleksandr Moroz
Founded26 October 1991 (1991-10-26)
Banned15 June 2022 (2022-06-15)[2]
Preceded byCommunist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)
Ideology
Political positionCentre-left to left-wing
International affiliationSocialist International (2003–2011)
Colours  Dark red
SloganSocialism will be imbued with patriotism[4]
There is no alternative to democratic socialism in Ukraine[5]
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The Socialist Party of Ukraine (Ukrainian: Соціалістична Партія України, romanized: Sotsialistychna Partiya Ukrainy, abbreviated SPU) was a social democratic[6][7] and democratic socialist[6] political party in Ukraine. It was one of the oldest parties in Ukraine and was created by former members of the Soviet-era Communist Party of Ukraine in late 1991, when the Communist Party was banned.[8] The party was represented in the Verkhovna Rada, Ukraine's parliament, from 1994 to 2007 and was the third and fourth largest party during that period. From 2007 onwards the party's electoral results became increasingly marginal, failing to win any seats in subsequent elections despite historically strong support in the central regions of the country. Oleksandr Moroz had led the party for more than twenty years before his resignation in 2012.[9][10][11]

The party was suspended in the wake of the Russian invasion of Ukraine and banned by a court decision on 15 June 2022.[2]

History

[edit]

Creation

[edit]
First logo of the SPU

Following Ukraine's independence on 24 August 1991,[12] Leonid Kravchuk as the Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada (Ukraine's parliament) signed several important documents among which was the disbandment (26 August) and later the prohibition (30 August) of communist parties.[8] This led to the collapse of the communist-majority faction, informally known as the "group of 239", led by Oleksandr Moroz.[8][13] Four days after the prohibition of communist parties, Moroz called on communists to unite in a new left-wing party.[8] The founding congress of the party was held in Kyiv on 26 October 1991 and Moroz was elected leader.[8] The party's program was approved at the second congress held in November 1992, emphasising the party's status as the successor to the communist party of Lenin and proclaiming the party's goal of achieving socialism through people's democracy.[8]

1990s

[edit]

In 1993, the party experienced a mass exodus of members when the Communist Party of Ukraine (KPU), which claimed to be the direct successor of the Soviet-era Communist Party, was formed in June. The situation was so severe that several of the party's regional organisations had ceased to exist and the continued existence of the party was put into question at an extraordinary congress, but those who supported merging into the Communist Party remained in the minority.[8]

In December 1993, the party declared themselves in the opposition to the government of Prime Minister Leonid Kuchma and President Leonid Kravchuk[14] and their policies, but by this point Kuchma had already resigned from the government.[8]

In March 1994, the party participated in the country's first parliamentary election since independence and won 14 seats, becoming the third-largest party in the Verkhovna Rada behind the People's Movement of Ukraine (Rukh) and the Communist Party.[15] In May 1994, Moroz was elected Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada (speaker of parliament).[14] By mid-1994, the party controlled a parliamentary faction of 25 deputies,[16] as deputies from other parties, especially those from the Peasant Party of Ukraine (SelPU) opted to sit with the Socialists.

In the 1994 presidential election, Moroz was supported by both his party, the Communist Party, and the Peasant Party[17] garnering 13.3% of the vote. As Moroz failed to advance to the second round of voting, both the Communists and Socialists opted to support Kuchma, who eventually won the election against Kravchuk.

In February 1996, Nataliya Vitrenko was expelled from the party over disputes with Moroz and the rest of the leadership concerning the party's political programs which she believed deviated from socialist ideals.[18] She and Volodymyr Marchenko, who was also expelled from the party, founded the Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine a month later in April 1996.[8]

In the run up to the 1998 parliamentary election, attempts to form a coalition with the Communist Party had failed[8] and the party instead contested alongside the Peasant Party of Ukraine in an electoral alliance called For Truth, For the People, For Ukraine (Za pravdu, za narod, za Ukrainu), later known as Left Center.[18][19] The bloc managed to secure 8,55% of the votes, 29 proportional seats, and 5 individual seats out of 450 in the Verkhovna Rada.[8] The bloc gained the position of Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada (speaker of parliament) when Peasant Party chairman Oleksandr Tkachenko was elected to the post.[14][20] The Peasant Party later started its own parliamentary faction with 15 deputies in the autumn of 1998 but disbanded in 2000[21][22] as many of the Peasant Party's deputies followed their faction leader Serhii Dovhan [uk] into the newly formed pro-presidential Solidarity led by Petro Poroshenko.[23] By June 2002, the Left Center faction only had 17 members in the Verkhovna Rada.[21]

The party nominated Moroz as its candidate for the 1999 Ukrainian presidential election. He along with the leader of the People's Movement of Ukraine Viacheslav Chornovil, former Prime Minister of Ukraine Yevhen Marchuk, and Mayor of Cherkasy Volodymyr Oliynyk were collectively known as the Kaniv four. In the lead-up to the election, they had agreed that three of them would withdraw and support the fourth against the incumbent Kuchma. The alliance fell apart when no agreement could be reached on who the single candidate should be.

Moroz was considered the most likely candidate to beat Kuchma but failed to advance past the first round of voting, having come third with only 11.29% of the vote. It is claimed that electoral fraud was practiced during the election[24][25] and that Kuchma had secretly funded the Progressive Socialist Party in order split the socialist vote.[26]

2000s

[edit]

During the 2000s, the party was member to a series of protests and conflicts in opposition to the presidency of Kuchma and pro-Kuchma parties. It opposed the 2000 Ukrainian constitutional referendum called by Kuchma with the intention of expanding the powers of the presidency and decreasing that of the Ukrainian parliament. While the amendments were approved by voters, the result of the referendum would be obstructed when Kuchma was implicated in the Cassette Scandal, when Moroz publicly accused Kuchma of being involved in the disappearance and murder of journalist Georgiy Gongadze, who had been found decapitated in Kyiv. He played select recordings that supposedly proved Kuchma ordered the abduction of Gongadze to journalists using a cassette player, which earned the scandal its name.[14]

The resultant Ukraine without Kuchma (UBK) protest campaign was violently dispersed by the Militsiya, the national police force, in March 2001.[27] Yuriy Lutsenko, who would later become Minister of Internal Affairs under the governments of Yulia Tymoshenko and Prosecutor General of Ukraine, gained national prominence as a result of his involvement in the campaign while a member of the party.

In the 2002 Ukrainian parliamentary election, the party won 6.9% of the popular vote and 24 seats despite irregularities and unequal access afforded to candidates belonging to the opposition.[28] Additionally, the party's youth wing had opted to endorse the Social Democratic Party of Ukraine (united), which had been named by Kuchma as a possible ally of the pro-presidential alliance. The party's leader, Viktor Medvedchuk, was appointed head of the presidential administration (chief of staff) after the election.[14] The party participated in the series of protests known as Rise up, Ukraine! launched by opposition figure Yulia Tymoshenko with the support of Moroz the same year,[29] and though they failed to achieve its aims, it led to a consolidation of opposition parties.[30]

Separately, a group of party veterans led by Ivan Chizh [uk] and included figure such as Serhii Kiyashko [uk], Mykola Lavrynenko [uk], and Vasyl Arestov left the party in opposition to Moroz and founded the All-Ukrainian Union of Leftists "Justice" party in April 2000.[8]

The party had been a participant in the Orange Revolution, a series of protests sparked by the fraudulent results of the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election. Moroz had been the party's candidate in the first round but shifted his support to Viktor Yushchenko after garnering just 5.82% of the vote. Yushchenko's loss to incumbent prime minister Viktor Yanukovych, who had the support of outgoing president Kuchma, in the second round was contested by international observers who observed irregularities.[31] The protests were successful in its goals to annul the initial result of the election, with Yushchenko winning the re-run. In its aftermath, Yanukovych resigned as prime minister to allow for the appointment of a new coalition government led by Yulia Tymoshenko, which counted the Socialist Party alongside Our Ukraine, the Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc, and the Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs of Ukraine. The government's inauguration was the first time the party held power as part of the executive branch of the central government. It received three ministerial portfolios, with Stanislav Nikolaenko assuming the position of Minister of Education and Science, Yuriy Lutsenko as Minister of Internal Affairs, and Oleksandr Baranivsky as Minister of Agrarian Affairs. The coalition was replicated at the regional level, with the party gaining the position of chairman of the regional state administration in two oblasts, as well as the appointment of Valentyna Semenyuk-Samsonenko as director of the State Property Fund of Ukraine.[14] The party retained its position in the succeeding Yekhanurov government, which had come to power in the aftermath of the power struggle between Tymoshenko and National Security and Defense Council Petro Poroshenko that had resulted in Tymoshenko's dismissal in September 2005.[32][33]

In 2005, the Ukrainian Party of Justice - Union of veterans, handicapped, Chornobyl liquidators, and Afghan warriors merged into the Socialist Party.

The party and Moroz played a key role in the 2006 Ukrainian political crisis. Negotiations to form a coalition government after the 2006 Ukrainian parliamentary election between the Socialist Party, Our Ukraine, and the Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc were troubled and plagued by distrust, accusations, and a dispute over the allocation of positions in government;[34][35][36][37] Moroz supporterd Tymoshenko's claim to the premiership while Tymoshenko supported Moroz's candidacy as chairman of the Verkhovna Rada.[38][39] Moroz's announcement that he no longer sought the chairmanship appeared to end three months of political uncertainty,[40][41] but his objection to Petro Poroshenko's nomination as Our Ukraine's candidate for the position owing to his connections to big businesses as well as his role in the dismissal of Tymoshenko in the September 2005 crisis, and Moroz's resultant counter-nomination and subsequent election as chairman with the support of the Party of Regions and the Communist Party led to the disintegration of the coalition.[42]

A map showing the results of the SPU (percentage of total national vote) per region for the 2006 parliamentary elections

Instead, Moroz and the Socialist Party formed a government with the Party of Regions and the Communist Party, initially referred to as the Anti-Crisis Coalition and later the Alliance of National Unity,and elected Yanukovych as prime minister.[14] The party's decision to enter into a coalition with the Party of Regions proved controversial and led to the resignation of a number of high-ranking party members including Yuriy Lutsenko, who would later go on to lead Yuriy Lutsenko's People's Self-Defense,[14] as well as the party's first secretary Yosip Vinsky, who would go on to join Tymoshenko's Batkivshchyna.

A map showing the results of the SPU (percentage of total national vote) per region for the 2007 parliamentary elections

President Yushchenko dissolved parliament as he believed the government acted illegally during the 2007 Ukrainian political crisis,[43] leading to the 2007 parliamentary election in which the party's vote share collasped.[14][nb 1] Political scientist Bohdan Harasymiw attributed the result to Moroz's betrayal of Our Ukraine and the Tymoshenko Bloc. Its new program lacked its previous pro-European stances, instead calling for Ukraine to develop positive relationships with both the EU and Russia.[3] The party received just 2.86% of the total national vote (0.14% short of the required minimum 3% representation threshold) and failed to gain representation in parliament. This led to more high-ranking members leaving the party and the creation of the offspring Union of Leftists.[14]

After having led the party for 20 years, Oleksander Moroz in July 2010 was succeeded by Vasyl Tsushko.[10] However, Moroz was again elected as party leader in August 2011.[11]

2010s

[edit]

A March 2010 poll predicted that the party would get 0.2% of the vote at the 2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election.[45] In the 2010 local elections, the parties electoral misfortunes continued, winning few votes and securing little to no representatives in regional parliaments across Ukraine (winning representatives in 11 Ukrainian Oblasts parliaments in total), except in the Chernihiv Oblast and Poltava Oblast where they won 11% and 5,8% of the votes.[46]

In July 2011, the party was expelled from the Socialist International alongside Party of Bulgarian Social Democrats due to the parties' non-compliance with "the fundamental values and principles of the International" in the midst of the Arab Spring.[47]

In November 2011, plans to merge 11 left-wing parties, including the Socialist Party of Ukraine, fell through when the party's council refused to ratify the agreement. Instead, in December 2011 Moroz announced that the Peasant Party of Ukraine, Socialist Ukraine, Children of War, Children of War of the People's Party of Ukraine, and Cossack Glory had merged into the Socialist Party.[48][49] The remaining five parties that had been part of the original agreement opted to form United Left and Peasants.[50][51] However, in January 2012 the Ministry of Justice declared the merger between the Peasant Party and the Socialist Party to be illegal.[52]

In April 2012, Petro Ustenko was elected leader of the party, replacing Oleksander Moroz.[9] In the election the party won 0.46% of the national votes and no constituencies (it had competed in 58 constituencies)[53] and thus failed to win parliamentary representation.[54]

Party logo in 2015

The party did not participate in the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election.[55]

Leadership crisis

[edit]

In 2017 Serhiy Kaplin, at the time a member of the Ukrainian parliamentary faction of Petro Poroshenko Bloc, claimed to be the party's chairman.[56] Kaplin intended to take the party to elections with Party of Pensioners of Ukraine under the label "For ordinary people".[56] But Illia Kyva also claimed to head the Socialist Party of Ukraine.[57] In January 2018, during a "joint meeting of the political council and the central control commission of the Socialist Party of Ukraine" Kyva was expelled from the party.[57] Kyva stated this exclusion was illegitimate.[57] According to the official registration of the party Illia Kyva is the chairman of the Socialist Party.[57][58] Kyva left the party in June 2019 to join Opposition Platform — For Life.[59]

In the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election the party had 2 candidates in constituencies, but both did not win a parliamentary seat.[60]

Russian invasion and banning

[edit]

The SPU was one of several political parties suspended by the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, along with Derzhava, Left Opposition, Nashi, Opposition Bloc, Opposition Platform — For Life, Party of Shariy, Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine, Union of Leftists, and the Volodymyr Saldo Block.[61]

On 15 June 2022, the Eighth Administrative Court of Appeal banned the SPU[2] (of all the parties suspended on 20 March 2022 only the Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine and Opposition Platform — For Life actively opposed its banning).[62][63] The property of the party and all its branches were transferred to the state.[2] Vikor Zaika, who was also the director of the Illia Kiva Liberation Charitable Foundation, was the party's official leader at its banning and according to the Security Service of Ukraine, Illia Kyva had continued to influence the party and its course.[1] On 18 April 2022, it was reported that Ukraine's State Bureau of Investigations had opened a case of treason against Kyva for involvement in an illegal arrangement with a general of the Russian Armed Forces.[64]

On 18 October 2022, the final appeal against the party's ban was dismissed by the Supreme Court of Ukraine, meaning that the party was fully banned in Ukraine.[65]

Election results

[edit]
Verkhovna Rada
Year
Party-list
Constituency /total
Overall seats won
Seat change
 Government
Popular vote
%
Seats /total
1994 895,830 3.3% 14/450
14 / 450
 Increase 14 Minority support
1998 For Truth, for People, for Ukraine 8.8% 14/225 3/225
17 / 450
 Increase 3 Opposition
2002 1,780,642 7.1% 20/225 2/225
22 / 450
 Increase 5 Opposition
2006 1,444,224 5.7% 33/450 N/A
33 / 450
 Increase 11 Coalition government
2007 668,234 2.9% 0/450 N/A
0 / 450
 Decrease 33 Extra-parliamentary
2012 93,081 0.5% 0/225 0/225
0 / 450
 Steady Extra-parliamentary
2014 Did not participate 0/225 0/225
0 / 450
 Steady Extra-parliamentary
2019 0/225 0/225
0 / 450
 Steady Extra-parliamentary
Presidency of Ukraine
Election year Candidate First round Place Second round
No. of
overall votes 		% of
overall vote 		No. of
overall votes 		% of
overall vote
1994 Oleksandr Moroz 3,466,541 13.3 3
1999 Oleksandr Moroz 2,969,896 11.8 3
2004 Oleksandr Moroz 1,632,098 5.8 3
2010 Oleksandr Moroz 95,169 0.4 11
2014 Olha Bohomolets (endorsed by the SPU) 345,384 1.9 8
2019 Illia Kyva[57] 5,869 0.3 29

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ In a press conference in November 2009, Moroz stated he had no regrets about joining the Anti Crisis coalition, saying: "I'm not ashamed but proud of the fact that I managed to halt the crisis of power. The economy operated normal and, the parliament adopted 80% of the laws [it considered] by a constitutional majority of votes. We were close to the decentralization of power. That's why Tymoshenko and Yushchenko's supporters forced the president to dismiss the parliament and remove me and my political forces illegally".[44]

References

[edit]
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  2. ^ a b c d "The court banned the Socialist Party of Ukraine". babel.ua. 15 June 2022. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
  3. ^ a b Harasymiw, Bohdan. "Socialist Party of Ukraine". Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
  4. ^ "Ідея без представників: Чому в Україні зник масовий «лівий» рух". ІНФОРМАТОР. 23 May 2018. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
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  9. ^ a b Petro Ustenko heads Socialist Party of Ukraine, Kyiv Post (30 April 2012)
  10. ^ a b Economy minister appointed Socialist Party head, Kyiv Post (26 July 2010)
  11. ^ a b Oleksandr Moroz elected Chairman of Socialist Party of Ukraine Archived 17 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine, National Radio Company of Ukraine (15 August 2011)
  12. ^ A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples by Paul Robert Magocsi, University of Toronto Press, 2010, ISBN 1442610212 (page 722/723)
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  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j (in Russian) Short bio, Liga.net
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  17. ^ "Сайт analitik.org.ua не настроен на сервере". analitik.org.ua. Archived from the original on 23 September 2014. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
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  22. ^ Ukraine and Russia: The Post-Soviet Transition by Roman Solchanyk, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2001 ISBN 0742510174
  23. ^ Ukrainian Political Update Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine by Taras Kuzio and Alex Frishberg, Frishberg & Partners, 21 February 2008 (page 22)
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  25. ^ The Conflict in Ukraine: What Everyone Needs to Know by Serhy Yekelchyk, Oxford University Press, 2015, ISBN 0190237287, page 87
  26. ^ Understanding Ukrainian Politics: Power, Politics, and Institutional Design by Paul D'Anieri, M.E. Sharpe, 2006, ISBN 978-0-7656-1811-5, page 87
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  29. ^ ""ТРІЙКА" РОЗПОЧИНАЄ АКЦІЮ "ПОВСТАНЬ, УКРАЇНО!" 16 вересня і "до повної перемоги"". Українська правда (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 4 October 2023.
  30. ^ "Історія зрад Ющенка, Тимошенко і Януковича. Частина 2". Українська правда (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 4 October 2023.
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  35. ^ Gazeta.ua (30 March 2006). "Тимошенко хоче коаліцію якнайшвидше". Gazeta.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  36. ^ Gazeta.ua (30 March 2006). "Маневри з меморандумом". Gazeta.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  37. ^ Gazeta.ua (19 April 2006). ""Помаранчеві" сваряться далі". Gazeta.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  38. ^ Gazeta.ua (18 April 2006). "Соціалісти просять "Нашу Україну" погодитись на прем"єра Тимошенко". Gazeta.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  39. ^ Gazeta.ua (18 April 2006). "Тимошенко бачить спікером Мороза". Gazeta.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  40. ^ Gazeta.ua (14 June 2006). "Мороз уже не хоче бути спікером". Gazeta.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  41. ^ Gazeta.ua (19 June 2006). "Томенко: переговори "Нашої України", БЮТ і СПУ завершились успішно". Gazeta.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  42. ^ Gazeta.ua (6 July 2006). "Мороз став спікером Верховної Ради". Gazeta.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  43. ^ Q&A: Ukrainian parliamentary poll , BBC News (1 October 2007)
  44. ^ Moroz says he was responsible for formation of anti-crisis coalition with Regions Party and Communist Party, Kyiv Post (30 November 2009)
  45. ^ Party Of Regions, Tymoshenko bloc, Strong Ukraine, Front for Change and Communist Party would get into parliament, Kyiv Post (12 April 2010)
  46. ^ (in Ukrainian) Results of the elections, preliminary data, on interactive maps by Ukrainska Pravda (8 November 2010)
  47. ^ (in Ukrainian) Партію Мороза виключили з Соцінтерну, Ukrainska Pravda (3 July 2011)
  48. ^ (in Ukrainian) Партія Мороза "проковтнула" п'ять партій, Ukrainska Pravda (18 December 2011)
  49. ^ (in Ukrainian) Соцпартії не сподобалася назва "Об'єднані ліві і селяни", Gazeta.ua (16 December 2011)
  50. ^ (in Ukrainian) Мороз і Ніколаєнко не можуть домовитися про єдину партію, Ukrainska Pravda (16 December 2011)
  51. ^ (in Ukrainian) Ніколаєнко очолив "об'єднаних лівих", Ukrainska Pravda (17 December 2011)
  52. ^ "Ukraine Business Online".
  53. ^ (in Ukrainian) Candidates, RBC Ukraine
  54. ^ (in Ukrainian) Proportional votes Archived 30 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine & Constituency seats Archived 5 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Central Election Commission of Ukraine
  55. ^ Alphabetical Index of parties in 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election, Central Election Commission of Ukraine
  56. ^ a b "Каплин заявляет о своем избрании лидером Соцпартии и выдвижении в президенты от левых".
  57. ^ a b c d e (in Ukrainian) The Socialists held a congress and sent Kivu to the presidency by Ukrainska Pravda (3 November 2018)
  58. ^ ""Єдиний легітимний": Ківа прокоментував повідомлення про своє виключення із Соцпартії".
  59. ^ "Кива пояснив, що його об'єднує з Медведчуком". glavcom.ua.
  60. ^ "Електоральна пам'ять". ukr.vote.
  61. ^ "NSDC bans pro-Russian parties in Ukraine". Ukrinform. 20 March 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  62. ^ (in Ukrainian) The court banned the activities of the parties "Bloc of Volodymyr Saldo" and "Derzhava" - Chesno, Lb.ua [uk] (14 June 2022)
  63. ^ (in Ukrainian) The court banned OPZZh, Ukrayinska Pravda (20 June 2022)
  64. ^ "SBI exposes money laundering scheme by Russian general through business partner of Kyva". Interfax-Ukraine News Agency. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
  65. ^ Anastasia Sobol (18 October 2022). "The Supreme Court finally banned the party of Moroz and Kiva". Chesno (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 18 October 2022.
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