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Shadow congressperson

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The posts of shadow United States senator and shadow United States representative are held by elected or appointed government officials from subnational polities of the United States that lack congressional vote. While these officials are not seated in either chamber of Congress, they seek recognition for their subnational polity, up to full statehood. This would enfranchise them with full voting rights on the floor of the US House and Senate, alongside existing states. As of 2021, only the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico currently have authorized shadow delegations to Congress.

History

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Historically, shadow members of Congress were elected by organized incorporated territories prior to their admission to the Union.[1] From its origins in Tennessee, this approach is sometimes known as the Tennessee Plan.[2]

The first shadow senators, William Blount and William Cocke of the Southwest Territory, were elected in March 1796 before being seated as senators representing the newly formed state of Tennessee. Michigan, California, Minnesota, Oregon, and Alaska likewise elected shadow senators before statehood. The Alaska Territory also elected the first shadow U.S. representative, Ralph Julian Rivers, in 1956. All were eventually seated in Congress as voting members, except for Alaska shadow senator William A. Egan, who instead became governor.[1]

Territory Office Name Elected Seated
Southwest
(now Tennessee)
Senator William Blount Mar 28, 1796 Dec 6, 1796
Senator William Cocke
Michigan Senator Lucius Lyon Nov 10, 1835 Jan 26, 1837
Senator John Norvell
California Senator William M. Gwin Dec 20, 1849 Sep 10, 1850
Senator John C. Frémont
Minnesota Senator James Shields Dec 19, 1857 May 12, 1858
Oregon Senator Joseph Lane Jul 5, 1858 Feb 14, 1859
Senator Delazon Smith
Alaska Senator Ernest Gruening Oct 6, 1956 Jan 7, 1959
Senator William A. Egan Elected governor in 1958
Representative Ralph J. Rivers Jan 7, 1959

District of Columbia officeholders

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The election of shadow congresspersons from the District of Columbia is authorized by a state constitution ratified by D.C. voters in 1982 but was never approved by Congress.[3]

District of Columbia shadow senators

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The voters of the District of Columbia elect two shadow U.S. senators who are known as senators by the District of Columbia but are not officially sworn in or seated by the U.S. Senate. Shadow U.S. senators were first elected in 1990.

The current shadow United States senators from the District of Columbia are Paul Strauss and Mike Brown.[4]

Class 1
Class 1 U.S. senators belong to the electoral cycle recently contested in 1994, 2000, 2006, 2012, and 2018. The next election will be in 2024 election.
C Class 2
Class 2 U.S. senators belong to the electoral cycle recently contested in 1996, 2002, 2008, 2014, and 2020. The next election will be in 2026.
# Senator Party Dates in office Electoral history T T Electoral history Dates in office Party Senator #
1 Florence Pendleton Democratic Jan 3, 1991 –
Jan 3, 2007
Elected in 1990. 1 102nd 1 Elected in 1990.
Retired.
Jan 3, 1991 –
Jan 3, 1997
Democratic
Jesse Jackson
1
103rd
Re-elected in 1994. 2 104th
105th 2 Elected in 1996. Jan 3, 1997 –
present
Democratic
Paul Strauss
2
106th
Re-elected in 2000.
Was not re-nominated as a Democrat.
Lost re-election bid as an independent.
3 107th
108th 3 Re-elected in 2002.
109th
2
Mike Brown
Democratic Jan 3, 2007 –
present
Elected in 2006. 4 110th
111th 4 Re-elected in 2008.
112th
Re-elected in 2012. 5 113th
Independent 114th 5 Re-elected in 2014.
Democratic 115th
Re-elected in 2018.
Retiring at end of term.
6 116th
117th 6 Re-elected in 2020.
118th
To be determined in the 2024 election. 7 119th
# Senator Party Years in office Electoral history T C T Electoral history Years in office Party Senator #
Class 1 Class 2

District of Columbia shadow representatives

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The voters of the District of Columbia elect one shadow representative who is recognized as equivalent to U.S. representatives by the District of Columbia but is not recognized by the U.S. government as an actual member of the House of Representatives. A shadow representative was first elected in 1990. Inaugural office-holder Charles Moreland held the seat for two terms. In November 2020, Oye Owolewa was elected to succeed retiring shadow representative Franklin Garcia.

D.C.'s shadow U.S. representative should not be confused with the non-voting delegate who represents the district in Congress.

Representative Party Term Congress Electoral history
Charles Moreland Democratic January 3, 1991 –
January 3, 1995
102nd
103rd
Elected in 1990.
Re-elected in 1992.
Retired.

John Capozzi
Democratic January 3, 1995 –
January 3, 1997
104th Elected in 1994.
Retired.
Sabrina Sojourner Democratic January 3, 1997 –
January 3, 1999
105th Elected in 1996.
Retired.
Tom Bryant Democratic January 3, 1999 –
January 3, 2001
106th Elected in 1998.
Retired.
Ray Browne Democratic January 3, 2001 –
January 3, 2007
107th
108th
109th
Elected in 2000.
Re-elected in 2002.
Re-elected in 2004.
Retired.

Mike Panetta
Democratic January 3, 2007 –
January 3, 2013
110th
111th
112th
Elected in 2006.
Re-elected in 2008.
Re-elected in 2010.
Retired.
Nate Bennett-Fleming Democratic January 3, 2013 –
January 3, 2015
113th Elected in 2012.
Retired.

Franklin Garcia
Democratic January 3, 2015 –
January 3, 2021
114th
115th
116th
Elected in 2014.
Re-elected in 2016.
Re-elected in 2018.
Retired.

Oye Owolewa
Democratic January 3, 2021 –
present
117th
118th
Elected in 2020.
Re-elected in 2022.

Puerto Rico officeholders

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The posts of shadow representatives and senators for Puerto Rico were created in 2017 as part of a newly formed Puerto Rico Equality Commission[5] to fulfill campaign promises made by the New Progressive Party, which gained control of both the executive and legislative branch in the 2016 elections in part with calls for a status referendum in 2017. Pro-statehood governor Ricardo Rosselló appointed five shadow representatives and two shadow senators[6] with the advice and consent of the Senate of Puerto Rico.[7]

Following the pro-statehood vote in the 2020 Puerto Rican status referendum, the Puerto Rican legislature passed in a lame duck session Law 167 of 2020,[8] replacing the Puerto Rico Equality Commission with the new Commission to the Congressional Delegation of Puerto Rico and establishing an electoral process for shadow delegates to Congress. Although an effort to overturn Law 167 passed the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico in early 2021 after the Popular Democratic Party gained control of the legislature, it did not have enough votes to sustain a threatened veto from pro-statehood governor Pedro Pierluisi.[9][10]

Popular elections for two shadow senators and four shadow members of Congress will be held on a nonpartisan basis every four years, with the first election held on May 16, 2021, so the delegates can take office on July 1. The law also appropriated funds for the Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Administration to cover the wages of the delegates and serve as their headquarters in Washington, D.C., where they will work on the statehood process with the island's resident commissioner in Congress.[11]

Puerto Rico shadow senators

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Class
The terms for Puerto Rico's shadow senators
are not aligned with the classes of United States senators.
C Class
The terms for Puerto Rico's shadow senators
are not aligned with the classes of United States senators.
# Senator Party Dates in office Electoral history T T Electoral history Dates in office Party Senator #
1 Zoraida Fonalledas New Progressive/
Republican
Aug 15, 2017 –
Jul 1, 2021
Appointed in 2017.
Successor elected.
1 115th 1 Appointed in 2017.
Died.
Aug 15, 2017 –
May 2, 2021
New Progressive/
Democratic

Carlos Romero Barceló
1
116th
117th
May 2, 2021 –
Jul 1, 2021
Vacant
2 Melinda Romero Donnelly New Progressive/
Democratic
July 1, 2021 – present Elected in 2021. 2 2 Elected in 2021. Jul 1, 2021 – present New Progressive/
Republican
Zoraida Buxó 2
118th
# Senator Party Years in office Electoral history T C T Electoral history Years in office Party Senator #
Class Class

Puerto Rico shadow representatives

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Years Cong. Shadow House members
Member Party Member Party Member Party Member Party Member Party
August 15, 2017 –
January 6, 2018
115th
Luis Fortuño
New
Progressive
/
Republican

Charlie Rodríguez
New
Progressive
/
Democratic

Iván Rodríguez
Independent
Pedro Rosselló
New
Progressive
/
Democratic

Felix A. Santoni
New
Progressive
/
Republican
January 6, 2018 –
August 20, 2018

Alfonso Aguilar
New
Progressive
/
Republican
August 20, 2018 –
July 22, 2019

Luis Berríos-Amadeo
Independent
July 22, 2019 –
February 26, 2020
116th Vacant
February 26, 2020 –
July 1, 2021
Vacant
117th
July 1, 2021 –
June 26, 2023
Elizabeth Torres Rodriguez New
Progressive
/
Republican

Ricardo Rosselló
New
Progressive
/
Democratic
Roberto Lefranc Fortuño New
Progressive
/
Republican

María Meléndez
New
Progressive
/
Democratic
Seat eliminated
118th
June 26, 2023 –
July 17, 2023
Vacant[12]
July 17, 2023 –
present
Vacant

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Strauss, Paul. "A Brief History of the Shadow Senators of the United States". Paul Strauss – United States Senator for the District of Columbia. Archived from the original on February 11, 2003.
  2. ^ "Puerto Rico's Tennessee Plan". American Action Forum. Retrieved March 10, 2019.
  3. ^ Sheridan, Mary Beth (May 29, 2008). "D.C. Seeks to Fund Lobbying Effort for a Voting House Member". The Washington Post. p. B01. Retrieved December 29, 2008.
  4. ^ Election profiles Michael D. Brown (D), The Washington Post, 2006, retrieved, September 30, 2012.
  5. ^ Ley por la Igualdad y Representación Congresional de los Ciudadanos Americanos de Puerto Rico [Act for Equality and Congressional Representation of the United States Citizens of Puerto Rico] (PDF) (Act 40-2017) (in Spanish). June 5, 2017.
  6. ^ Bernal, Rafael (August 15, 2017). "Puerto Rico swears in congressional delegation". The Hill. Washington, D.C.
  7. ^ "Puerto Rico governor designates four members for Equality Commission". Caribbean Business. Guaynabo, Puerto Rico. July 3, 2017.
  8. ^ "Ley Núm. 167 de 2020 -Ley para crear la Delegación Congresional de Puerto Rico". LexJuris Puerto Rico. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
  9. ^ de Jesús Salamán, Adriana (January 29, 2021). "Peligra elección pro estadidad por falta de fondos y el PPD" [Statehood election in danger due to lack of funds and PPD]. NotiCel (in Spanish). San Juan, Puerto Rico. Retrieved February 24, 2021.
  10. ^ Rivera Clemente, Yaritza (February 22, 2021). "Radicarán medida para atender el estatus" [They Will File a Measure to Amend the Status]. El Vocero (in Spanish). San Juan, Puerto Rico. Retrieved February 24, 2021.
  11. ^ Padró Ocasio, Bianca; Ortiz-Blanes, Syra; Daugherty, Alex (January 28, 2021). "Puerto Rico governor plan for a 'shadow delegation' draws criticism amid pandemic". Miami Herald. Miami, Florida. Retrieved February 24, 2021.
  12. ^ Ruiz Kuilan, Gloria (June 26, 2023). "Tribunal ordena la destitución de Elizabeth Torres como delegada congresional por la estadidad" [Court orders dismissal of Elizabeth Torres as congressional shadow delegate]. El Nuevo Día (in Spanish). Guaynabo, Puerto Rico. Retrieved June 29, 2023.
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