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John Hopfield

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For his father, the Polish-American spectroscopist, see John J. Hopfield (spectroscopist).

John Joseph Hopfield
Born (1933-07-15) July 15, 1933 (age 91)
Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
Alma materSwarthmore College
Cornell University
Known forHopfield network
Modern Hopfield network
Polariton
Kinetic proofreading
AwardsOliver Buckley Prize (1969)
Dirac Medal of the ICTP (2001)
Harold Pender Award(2002)
Albert Einstein World Award of Science (2005)
Benjamin Franklin Medal (2019)
Boltzmann Medal (2022)
Nobel Prize in Physics (2024)
Scientific career
FieldsPhysics, Molecular biology, Neuroscience
InstitutionsBell Labs
Princeton University
University of California, Berkeley
California Institute of Technology
Thesis A Quantum-Mechanical Theory of the Contribution of Excitons to the Complex Dielectric Constant of Crystals  (1958)
Doctoral advisorAlbert Overhauser
Doctoral studentsDavid Beratan
Steven Girvin
Bertrand Halperin
David J. C. MacKay
Gerald Mahan
José Onuchic
Terry Sejnowski
Erik Winfree
Li Zhaoping

John Joseph Hopfield (born July 15, 1933)[1] is an American scientist and emeritus professor of Princeton University, most widely known for his study of associative neural network in 1982. He is known for the development of the Hopfield network. Along with Geoffrey Hinton, in 2024 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on artificial networks.[2] He has been awarded various major physics awards for his work in multidisciplinary fields including condensed matter physics, statistical physics and biophysics.

Biography

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John Joseph Hopfield was born in 1933 in Chicago[1] to physicists John Joseph Hopfield and Helen Hopfield.[3]

He received his A.B. from Swarthmore College in 1954,[1] and a Ph.D. in condensed matter physics from Cornell University in 1958 (supervised by Albert Overhauser).[1] He spent two years in the theory group at Bell Laboratories working on the structure of hemoglobin,[1][3] and subsequently was a faculty member at University of California, Berkeley (physics), Princeton University (physics), California Institute of Technology (chemistry and biology) and again at Princeton,[1]where he is the Howard A. Prior Professor of Molecular Biology, emeritus.[4]

In 1986 he was a co-founder of the Computation and Neural Systems PhD program at Caltech.[5]

Work

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In 1958 he wrote on his work on the interaction of excitons in crystals, coining the term polariton for a quasiparticle that appears in solid-state physics.[6][7] He wrote: "The polarization field 'particles' analogous to photons will be called 'polaritons'."[7]

In 1974 he introduced a mechanism for error correction in biochemical reactions known as kinetic proofreading to explain the accuracy of DNA replication.[8][9]

Hopfield published his first paper in neuroscience in 1982, titled "Neural networks and physical systems with emergent collective computational abilities" where he introduced what is now known as Hopfield network, a type of artificial network that can serve as a content-addressable memory, made of binary neurons that can be 'on' or 'off'.[10][3] The original network had a limited memory, this problem was addressed by Hopfield and Dimitry Krotov in 2016.[11][12] Large memory storage Hopfield networks are now known as modern Hopfield networks.

Together with David W. Tank, Hopfield developed a method in 1985-1986[13][14] for solving discrete optimization problems based on the continuous-time dynamics using an analog model. The optimization problem was encoded in the interaction parameters (weights) of the network. The effective temperature of the analog system was gradually decreased, as in global optimization with simulated annealing.[11]

Awards and honours

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In 1969 Hopfield and David Gilbert Thomas were awarded the Oliver E. Buckley Prize of condensed matter physics "for their joint work combining theory and experiment which has advanced the understanding of the interaction of light with solids".[15]

He was awarded the Dirac Medal of the International Centre for Theoretical Physics in 2001 “for important contributions in an impressively broad spectrum of scientific subjects"[16][17] including "an entirely different [collective] organizing principle in olfaction" and "a new principle in which neural function can take advantage of the temporal structure of the ‘spiking’ interneural communication".[17]

Hopfield was elected as a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1973, a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1975, and a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1988.[18][19][20] In 1985, Hopfield received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.[21] He received the Albert Einstein World Award of Science in 2005.[22] He was the President of the American Physical Society in 2006.[23] Hopfield shared the 2022 Boltzmann Medal award in statistical physics with Deepak Dhar.[24]

He was jointly awarded the 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics with Geoffrey E. Hinton for "foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks".[25][26]

Doctoral students

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His former PhD students include David J. C. MacKay, Terry Sejnowski, Bertrand Halperin, Steven Girvin, Erik Winfree, David Beratan, Li Zhaoping, Eric Mjolsness and José Onuchic.[27]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f "Hopfield, John J." history.aip.org. Retrieved October 8, 2024.
  2. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2024". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved October 8, 2024.
  3. ^ a b c Lindsay, Grace (March 4, 2021). Models of the Mind: How Physics, Engineering and Mathematics Have Shaped Our Understanding of the Brain. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4729-6645-2.
  4. ^ Office of Communications (October 8, 2024). "Princeton's John Hopfield receives Nobel Prize in physics". Princeton University. Retrieved October 8, 2024.
  5. ^ "Caltech Celebrates 30 Years of its Computation and Neural Systems Option | Caltech Alumni". Retrieved October 8, 2024.
  6. ^ Hopfield, J. J. (December 1, 1958). "Theory of the Contribution of Excitons to the Complex Dielectric Constant of Crystals". Physical Review. 112 (5): 1555–1567. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.112.1555. ISSN 0031-899X.
  7. ^ a b Agranovich, Vladimir M. (February 12, 2009). Excitations in Organic Solids. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-155291-5.
  8. ^ Hopfield, J. J. (1974). "Kinetic Proofreading: A New Mechanism for Reducing Errors in Biosynthetic Processes Requiring High Specificity". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 71 (10): 4135–4139. doi:10.1073/pnas.71.10.4135. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 434344. PMID 4530290.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  9. ^ Flyvbjerg, Henrik; Jülicher, Frank; Ormos, Pal; David, Francois (July 1, 2003). Physics of Bio-Molecules and Cells: Les Houches Session LXXV, 2-27 July 2001. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-540-45701-5.
  10. ^ Hopfield, J J (1982-04). "Neural networks and physical systems with emergent collective computational abilities". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 79 (8): 2554–2558. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 6953413. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  11. ^ a b The Nobel Committee for Physics (October 8, 2024). "Scientifc Background to the Nobel Prize in Physics 2024" (PDF). The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
  12. ^ Krotov, Dmitry; Hopfield, John J. (2016). "Dense Associative Memory for Pattern Recognition". Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems. 29. Curran Associates, Inc.
  13. ^ Hopfield, J. J.; Tank, D. W. (July 1, 1985). ""Neural" computation of decisions in optimization problems". Biological Cybernetics. 52 (3): 141–152. doi:10.1007/BF00339943. ISSN 1432-0770.
  14. ^ Hopfield, John J.; Tank, David W. (August 8, 1986). "Computing with Neural Circuits: A Model". Science. 233 (4764): 625–633. doi:10.1126/science.3755256. ISSN 0036-8075.
  15. ^ "Honors and Award Winners". American Physical Society. Retrieved October 8, 2024.
  16. ^ "Dirac Medallist 2001 | ICTP". www.ictp.it. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
  17. ^ a b "Princeton Physicist Garners Dirac Medal". Physics Today. 54 (10): 85–85. October 1, 2001. doi:10.1063/1.1420565. ISSN 0031-9228.
  18. ^ "John J. Hopfield". www.nasonline.org.
  19. ^ "John Joseph Hopfield". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. October 12, 2023.
  20. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org.
  21. ^ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
  22. ^ "Albert Einstein World Award of Science 2005". Archived from the original on October 23, 2013. Retrieved August 13, 2013.
  23. ^ "John Hopfield, Array of Contemporary Physicists". Archived from the original on October 19, 2013. Retrieved October 19, 2013.
  24. ^ "STATPHYS28". statphys28.org. Retrieved October 8, 2024.
  25. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2024". Nobel Media AB. Retrieved October 8, 2024.
  26. ^ Nobel Prize (September 11, 2024). Announcement of the 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics. Retrieved October 8, 2024 – via YouTube.
  27. ^ John Joseph Hopfield at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
[edit]
Scholia has a profile for John Hopfield (Q391237).


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