Commander-in-Chief, India
Commander-in-Chief, India | |
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Status | Senior-most officer of the Indian Army |
Reports to | Governor-General of India |
Residence | Flagstaff House |
Seat | GHQ India |
Term length | No fixed term |
First holder | Major general Stringer Lawrence[citation needed] |
Final holder | FM Sir Claude Auchinleck |
Abolished | 15 August 1947 |
Succession | Commanders-in-Chief of the Indian Army and Pakistan Army |
Unofficial names | Commander-in-Chief in or of India |
During the period of the Company and Crown rule in India, the Commander-in-Chief, India (often "Commander-in-Chief in or of India") was the supreme commander of the Indian Army from 1833 to 1947. The Commander-in-Chief and most of his staff were based at GHQ India, and liaised with the civilian Governor-General of India. Following the Partition of India in 1947 and the creation of the independent dominions of India and Pakistan, the post was abolished. It was briefly replaced by the position of Supreme Commander of India and Pakistan before the role was abolished in November 1948.[1] Subsequently, the role of Commander-in-Chief was merged into the offices of the Commanders-in-Chief of the independent Indian Army and Pakistan Army, respectively, before becoming part of the office of the President of India from 1950 and of the Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army from 1947.
Prior to independence, the official residence was the Flagstaff House, which later became the residence of the first Prime Minister of India; as Teen Murti Bhavan (Teen Murti House), it is now a museum.
This is a list of people who were the military Commander-in-Chief, India until 1947. The rank and title are the final ones for the officer's career and not necessarily applicable to his tenure as Commander-in-Chief in India.
P.R. Cadell wrote an article correcting and elaborating on the early commanders-in-chief of the East India Company's forces in the Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research in 1944.[2]
List of Commanders-in-Chief
[edit]Commanders-in-Chief have been:[3]
† denotes people who died in office.
Commanders-in-Chief of India, 1801–1857
[edit]No. | Portrait | Commander-in-Chief | Took office | Left office | Time in office | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Sir James Craig (1748–1812) | GeneralFebruary 1801 | March 1801 | 1 month | Officiating. | |
2 | Gerard Lake (1744–1808) | GeneralMarch 1801 | July 1805 | 4 years, 4 months | Conducted a campaign with a string of victories that gave the British control of Northern India, Delhi and the Mughal emperor but failed to take Bhurtpore. Improved the Indian Army by making all arms, infantry, cavalry and artillery, more mobile and more manageable. | |
3 | The Earl Cornwallis (1738–1805) | GeneralJuly 1805 | October 1805 | 3 months | Reappointment. With Sir Arthur Wellesley, he supervised the Second Anglo-Maratha War against the Sindhia and the Holkar. | |
(2) | The Lord Lake (1744–1808) | GeneralOctober 1805 | 1806 | 0–1 years | Reappointment following the death of Cornwallis' successor John Graves Simcoe. Upon Cornwallis' death, Lake pursued the Holkar to the Punjab. The Holkar capitulated at Amritsar in December 1805. | |
4 | John Simcoe (1752–1806) | General1806 | 26 October 1806 † | 0 years | Appointed to post in England in late 1805, but died before departing for India and replaced by Lake. | |
(2) | The Lord Lake (1744–1808) | General1806 | October 1807 | 0–1 years | Reappointment following death of John Simcoe, who died after accepting the appointment in England. | |
5 | Sir George Hewett (1750–1840) | GeneralOctober 1807 | December 1807 | 2 months | Transformed Meerut into a British stronghold that would be used as a launching point for future military campaigns into northern India. | |
6 | Forbes Champagné (1754–1816) | Lieutenant generalDecember 1807 | January 1811 | 3 years, 1 month | Officiating. | |
7 | Sir George Nugent (1757–1849) | Field MarshalJanuary 1811 | October 1813 | 2 years, 9 months | – | |
8 | The Earl of Moira (1754–1826) | GeneralOctober 1813 | January 1823 | 9 years, 3 months | 1st Marquess of Hastings from 1816; Oversaw British forces in the Gurkha War; conquered the Marathas; repaired the Mogul canals in Delhi; instituted educational reforms. | |
9 | Sir Edward Paget (1775–1849) | GeneralJanuary 1823 | October 1825 | 2 years, 9 months | – | |
10 | The Lord Combermere (1773–1865) | Field MarshalOctober 1825 | January 1830 | 4 years, 3 months | 1st Viscount Combermere from 1827. Captured Bhurtpore (which Lake had failed to do) in 1824. | |
11 | The Earl of Dalhousie (1770–1838) | GeneralJanuary 1830 | January 1832 | 2 years | Began the British suppression of the Thuggee murder-cults. | |
12 | Sir Edward Barnes (1776–1838) | Lieutenant generalJanuary 1832 | October 1833 | 1 year, 9 months | Constructed the military road between Colombo and Kandy, made the first census of the population, and introduced coffee cultivation. | |
13 | Lord William Bentinck (1774–1839) | GeneralOctober 1833 | March 1835 | 1 year, 5 months | Suppressed the Hindu custom of sati. Reappointed in April 1834. | |
14 | Sir James Watson (1772–1862) | GeneralMarch 1835 | September 1835 | 6 months | Established the famous police organisation known as the "Thuggee and Dacoity Department" within the Government of India. | |
15 | Sir Henry Fane (1778–1840) | GeneralSeptember 1835 | December 1839 | 4 years, 3 months | – | |
16 | Sir Jasper Nicolls (1778–1849) | GeneralDecember 1839 | August 1843 | 3 years, 8 months | Officiating. | |
17 | Hugh Gough (1779–1869) | Field MarshalAugust 1843 | May 1849 | 5 years, 9 months | 1st Baron Gough from 1846; Defeated the Mahrattas at Maharajpur. Conducted operations against the Sikhs and won the battles of Mudki, Ferozeshah and Sobraon. Soon after, the Sikhs surrendered at Lahore. | |
18 | Sir Charles James Napier (1782–1853) | GeneralMay 1849 | December 1851 | 2 years, 7 months | Conquered Sindh and made it part of Bombay Presidency. | |
19 | Sir William Gomm (1784–1875) | Field MarshalDecember 1851 | January 1856 | 4 years, 1 month | – | |
20 | George Anson (1797–1857) | Major generalJanuary 1856 | 27 May 1857 † | 1 year, 4 months | Outbreak of the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Died of cholera during his march against the Indian Rebellion at Delhi. | |
21 | Sir Patrick Grant (1804–1895) | Lieutenant generalJune 1857 | August 1857 | 2 months | Directed operations against the Indian Rebellion, sending forces under Havelock and Outram for the relief of Cawnpore and Lucknow, until the arrival of Sir Colin Campbell from England. | |
22 | Sir Colin Campbell (1792–1863) | GeneralAugust 1857 | 4 June 1861 | 3 years, 10 months | 1st Baron Clyde from 1858; Abandoned then recaptured Lucknow. Supervised military operations in Oudh until the Indian Rebellion had been subdued. |
Commanders-in-Chief of India, 1861–1947
[edit]No. | Portrait | Commander-in-Chief | Took office | Left office | Time in office | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Sir Hugh Rose (1801–1885) | Lieutenant general4 June 1861 | 23 March 1865 | 3 years, 292 days | Improved discipline and enabled the amalgamation of the East India Company's army into the Queen's army to be carried out. | |
2 | Sir William Mansfield (1819–1876) | General23 March 1865 | 9 April 1870 | 5 years, 17 days | Prior to his appointment, Mansfield served in the Sutlej campaign, commanded the 53rd Regiment in the Punjab, and was part of Peshawar operations in the northwest frontier. | |
3 | The Lord Napier of Magdala (1810–1890) | General9 April 1870 | 10 April 1876 | 6 years, 1 day | He did much to benefit the army and to encourage good shooting. | |
4 | Sir Frederick Haines (1819–1909) | General10 April 1876 | 8 April 1881 | 4 years, 363 days | – | |
5 | Sir Donald Stewart (1824–1900) | General8 April 1881 | 28 November 1885 | 4 years, 234 days | – | |
6 | Sir Frederick Roberts (1832–1914) | Lieutenant general28 November 1885 | 8 April 1893 | 7 years, 131 days | 1st Baron Roberts of Kandahar | |
7 | Sir George White (1835–1912) | General8 April 1893 | 20 March 1898 | 4 years, 346 days | – | |
8 | Sir Charles Nairne (1836–1899) | General20 March 1898 | 4 November 1898 | 229 days | Officiating. | |
9 | Sir William Lockhart (1841–1900) | General4 November 1898 | 18 March 1900 † | 1 year, 134 days | – | |
10 | Sir Arthur Palmer (1840–1904) | General19 March 1900[4] | 28 November 1902 | 2 years, 254 days | – | |
11 | The Viscount Kitchener (1850–1916) | General28 November 1902[5] | 10 September 1909 | 6 years, 286 days | Reconstructed the disorganised Indian Army, but quarreled with the Viceroy Lord Curzon, who resigned. | |
12 | Sir O'Moore Creagh (1848–1923) | General10 September 1909 | 8 March 1914 | 4 years, 179 days | Douglas Haig, then a lieutenant general, served as Chief of the General Staff (India) in 1909–12. | |
13 | Sir Beauchamp Duff (1855–1918) | General8 March 1914 | 1 October 1916 | 2 years, 207 days | – | |
14 | Sir Charles Monro (1860–1929) | General1 October 1916 | 21 November 1920 | 4 years, 51 days | – | |
15 | The Lord Rawlinson (1864–1925) | General21 November 1920 | 28 March 1925 † | 4 years, 127 days | Former GOC, British Fourth Army on the Western Front. | |
16 | Sir Claud Jacob (1863–1948) | General3 April 1925 | 6 August 1925 | 125 days | – | |
17 | The Lord Birdwood (1865–1951) | Field Marshal6 August 1925 | 30 November 1930 | 5 years, 116 days | Distinguished commander of ANZAC troops on Gallipoli and the Western Front. | |
18 | The Lord Chetwode (1869–1950) | Field Marshal30 November 1930 | 30 November 1935 | 5 years | The Indian Military Academy was established during his tenure. | |
19 | Sir Robert Cassels (1876–1959) | General30 November 1935 | 27 January 1941 | 5 years, 58 days | – | |
20 | Sir Claude Auchinleck (1884–1981) | General27 January 1941 | 5 July 1941 | 159 days | Left to take command of the Middle East Command (swapped jobs with Wavell). | |
21 | Sir Archibald Wavell (1883–1950) | General5 July 1941 | 5 January 1942 | 184 days | Left to take command of the short lived ABDACOM; later became Viceroy. | |
22 | Sir Alan Hartley (1882–1954) | General5 January 1942 | 7 March 1942 | 61 days | – | |
(21) | Sir Archibald Wavell (1883–1950) | Field Marshal7 March 1942 | 20 June 1943 | 1 year, 105 days | Reappointment. Sir Alan Hartley appointed Deputy C-in-C, India. | |
(20) | Sir Claude Auchinleck (1884–1981) | Field Marshal20 June 1943 | 15 August 1947 | 4 years, 56 days | Served as the last C-in-C, India. Reappointed 15 August 1947, and became Supreme Commander of India and Pakistan. Oversaw division of the Armed forces between the two new countries. Served in this capacity until November 1948, when the role of Supreme Commander was abolished. |
See also
[edit]- Secretary of State for India
- Governor-General of India
- Chief of the General Staff
- Chief of the Army Staff
- Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army
References
[edit]- ^ Warner (1982), p. 269
- ^ Cadell 1944.
- ^ Army Commands Archived July 5, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "No. 27299". The London Gazette. 26 March 1901. p. 2114.
- ^ "No. 27515". The London Gazette. 13 January 1903. p. 237.
- Cadell, P. R. (1944). "Commanders-in-Chief of the Indian Army". Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research. 22 (90): 220–222. (Summer 1944)
- Warner, Philip (1982) [1981]. Auchinleck. The Lonely Soldier. London: Sphere Books. ISBN 0-7221-8905-2.
External links
[edit]- Chronological List of Commanders-in-Chief, India to 1947
- Bharat Rakshak, "Commanders-in-Chief". Archived from the original on 19 February 2012. Land Forces