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Ava Gardner

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Ava Gardner
Gardner in 1953
Born
Ava Lavinia Gardner

(1922-12-24)December 24, 1922
Grabtown, North Carolina, U.S.
DiedJanuary 25, 1990(1990-01-25) (aged 67)
London, England
Burial placeSmithfield, North Carolina, U.S.
OccupationActress
Years active1941–1986
Political partyDemocratic
Spouses
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(m. 1942; div. 1943)​
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(m. 1945; div. 1946)​
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(m. 1951; div. 1957)​
Websiteavagardner.org
Signature

Ava Lavinia Gardner (December 24, 1922 – January 25, 1990) was an American actress. She first signed a contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1941 and appeared mainly in small roles until she drew critics' attention in 1946 with her performance in Robert Siodmak's film noir The Killers. She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in John Ford's Mogambo (1953), and for best actress for both a Golden Globe Award and BAFTA Award for her performance in John Huston's The Night of the Iguana (1964). She was a part of the Golden Age of Hollywood.

During the 1950s, Gardner established herself as a leading lady and one of the era's top stars with films like Show Boat, Pandora and the Flying Dutchman (both 1951), The Snows of Kilimanjaro (1952), Mogambo (1953), The Barefoot Contessa (1954), Bhowani Junction (1956) and On the Beach (1959). She continued her film career for three more decades, appearing in the films 55 Days at Peking (1963), Seven Days in May (1964), The Bible: In the Beginning... (1966), Mayerling (1968), The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean (1972), Earthquake (1974) and The Cassandra Crossing (1976). And in 1985, she had the major recurring role of Ruth Galveston on the primetime soap opera Knots Landing. She continued to act regularly until 1986, four years before her death in 1990, at the age of 67.

In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Gardner No. 25 on its greatest female screen legends list.[1]

Early life

[edit]
Gardner in 1943

Ava Lavinia Gardner was born on December 24, 1922, in Grabtown, North Carolina,[2] the youngest of seven children. Her parents were poor tobacco sharecroppers.[3] She was of English and Scots-Irish ancestry.[4][5][6]

She was raised in the Baptist faith of her mother. While the children were still young, the family lost their property, and Gardner's mother received an offer to work as a cook and housekeeper at a dormitory for teachers at the nearby Brogden School that included board for the family and where Gardner's father continued sharecropping tobacco and supplemented the dwindling work with odd jobs at sawmills.[3] In 1931, the teachers' school closed, forcing the family to finally give up on their property dreams and move to Newport News, Virginia, where Gardner's mother found work managing a boarding house for the city's many shipworkers.[3] While in Newport News, Gardner's father became ill and died from bronchitis in 1938, when Gardner was 15 years old. After her father's death, the family moved to Rock Ridge near Wilson, North Carolina, where Gardner's mother ran another boarding house for teachers. Gardner attended high school in Rock Ridge and she graduated from there in 1939. She then attended secretarial classes at Atlantic Christian College in Wilson for about a year.[7]

Career

[edit]
Gardner in a publicity photo for The Killers (1946)
Gardner in a 1950s publicity photo

Gardner was visiting her sister in New York City in the summer of 1940 when her brother-in-law, a professional photographer, offered to take her portrait as a gift for her mother.[8][9] He was so pleased with the results that he displayed the finished product in the front window of his photography studio on Fifth Avenue.[7]

Barnard Duhan, a legal clerk at Loews Theatres, spotted Gardner's portrait in her brother-in-law's studio. At the time, Duhan often posed as a Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) talent scout to meet girls, using the fact that MGM was a subsidiary of Loews. Duhan entered Gardner's brother-in-law's studio and tried to get her number, but he was rebuffed by the receptionist. Duhan made the comment "Somebody should send her info to MGM", and her brother-in-law did so immediately. Shortly after, Gardner, who at the time was a student at Atlantic Christian College, traveled to New York to be interviewed at MGM's New York office by Al Altman, head of MGM's New York talent department. With cameras rolling, he directed the 18-year-old to walk toward the camera, turn and walk away, then rearrange some flowers in a vase. He did not attempt to record her voice because her strong Southern accent made understanding her difficult for him. Louis B. Mayer, head of MGM, however, sent a telegram to Altman: "She can't sing. She can't act. She can't talk. She's terrific!"[7] She was offered a standard contract by the studio and left school for Hollywood in 1941, with her sister accompanying her. MGM's first order of business was to provide her with a speech coach because her Carolina drawl was nearly incomprehensible to them,[10] and Harriet Lee as her singing teacher.[11]

Her first appearance in a feature film was as a walk-on in the Norma Shearer vehicle We Were Dancing (1942). Fifteen bit parts later, she received her first screen billing in Ghosts on the Loose (1943), and she is featured by name on the theatrical poster.[citation needed] After five years of bit parts, mostly at MGM and many of them uncredited, Gardner came to prominence in the Mark Hellinger production The Killers (1946), playing the femme fatale Kitty Collins.

Films from the next decade or so include The Hucksters (1947), One Touch of Venus (1948), Show Boat (1951), The Snows of Kilimanjaro (1952), Lone Star (1952), Mogambo, nominated for a Best Actress Academy Award (1953), The Barefoot Contessa (1954), Bhowani Junction (1956), The Sun Also Rises (1957) and On the Beach (1959). Off-camera, she could be witty and pithy, as in her assessment of director John Ford, who directed Mogambo ("The meanest man on earth. Thoroughly evil. Adored him!").[12] In The Barefoot Contessa, she played the role of doomed beauty Maria Vargas, a fiercely independent woman who goes from Spanish dancer to international movie star with the help of a Hollywood director played by Humphrey Bogart, with tragic consequences. Gardner's decision to accept the role was influenced by her own lifelong habit of going barefoot.[13] Gardner played the role of Guinevere in Knights of the Round Table (1953), with actor Robert Taylor as Sir Lancelot. Indicative of her sophistication, she portrayed a duchess, a baroness and other women of noble lineage in her films of the 1950s.

Gardner played the role of Soledad in The Angel Wore Red (1960) with Dirk Bogarde as the male lead. She was billed between Charlton Heston and David Niven for 55 Days at Peking (1963), which was set in China during the Boxer Rebellion in 1900. The following year, she played her last major leading role in the critically acclaimed The Night of the Iguana (1964), based upon a Tennessee Williams play, and starring Richard Burton as an atheist clergyman and Deborah Kerr as a gentle artist traveling with her aged poet grandfather. John Huston directed the movie in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico, insisting on making the film in black-and-white – a decision he later regretted because of the vivid colors of the flora. Gardner received billing below Burton, but above Kerr. She was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama and BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role for her performance.

She next appeared again with Burt Lancaster, her co-star from The Killers, this time with Kirk Douglas and Fredric March, in Seven Days in May (1964), a thriller about an attempted military takeover of the US government. Gardner played a former love interest of Lancaster's who could have been instrumental in Douglas preventing a coup against the President of the United States.

John Huston chose Gardner for the part of Sarah, the wife of Abraham (played by George C. Scott), in the Dino De Laurentiis film The Bible: In the Beginning..., which was released in 1966.[14] In a 1964 interview, she talked about why she accepted the role:

He [Huston] had more faith in me than I did myself. Now I'm glad I listened, for it is a challenging role and a very demanding one. I start out as a young wife, and age through various periods, forcing me to adjust psychologically to each age. It is a complete departure for me, and most intriguing. In this role, I must create a character, not just play one.[14]

Two years later, in 1966, Gardner briefly sought the role of Mrs. Robinson in Mike Nichols' The Graduate (1967). She reportedly called Nichols and said "I want to see you! I want to talk about this Graduate thing!" Nichols never seriously considered her for the part, preferring to cast a younger woman (Anne Bancroft was 35, while Gardner was 44), but he did visit her hotel, where he later said "she sat at a little French desk with a telephone, she went through every movie star cliché. She said, 'All right, let's talk about your movie. First of all, I strip for nobody.'"[15]

Gardner moved to London in 1968, undergoing an elective hysterectomy to allay her worries of contracting the uterine cancer that had claimed the life of her mother. That year, she appeared in Mayerling, in which she played the supporting role of Austrian Empress Elisabeth of Austria, with James Mason as Emperor Franz Joseph I.

She appeared in disaster films throughout the 1970s, notably Earthquake (1974) with Heston, The Cassandra Crossing (1976) with Lancaster, and the Canadian movie City on Fire (1979). She appeared briefly as Lillie Langtry at the end of The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean (1972), and in The Blue Bird (1976). Her last movie was Regina Roma (1982). In the 1980s, she acted primarily on television, including the miniseries remake of The Long, Hot Summer and in a story arc on Knots Landing (both 1985).

Personal life

[edit]

Marriages

[edit]

Soon after Gardner arrived in Los Angeles, she met fellow MGM contract player Mickey Rooney; they married on January 10, 1942. The ceremony was held in the remote town of Ballard, California because MGM studio head Louis B. Mayer was worried that fans would desert Rooney's Andy Hardy movie series if it became known that their star was married. Gardner divorced Rooney in 1943, citing mental cruelty;[16] privately blaming his gambling and womanizing, she did not ruin his on-screen image as the clean-cut, judge's son Andy Hardy that the public adored.[17][18]

Gardner's second marriage was equally brief, to jazz musician and bandleader Artie Shaw, from 1945 to 1946. Shaw previously had been married to Lana Turner. Gardner's third and last marriage was to singer and actor Frank Sinatra from 1951 to 1957. She later said in her autobiography that he was the love of her life. Sinatra left his wife Nancy for Gardner, and their marriage made headlines.[19]

A man and woman sit next to each other at a table. The man eats while the woman smokes a cigarette.
Third husband Frank Sinatra and Gardner in 1951

Sinatra was blasted by gossip columnists Hedda Hopper and Louella Parsons, the Hollywood establishment, the Catholic Church, and by his fans for leaving his wife. Gardner used her considerable influence, particularly with Harry Cohn, to get Sinatra cast in his Oscar-winning role in From Here to Eternity (1953). This role and the award revitalized both Sinatra's acting and singing careers.[20]

The Gardner–Sinatra marriage was tumultuous. Gardner confided to Artie Shaw, her second husband, that, "With him [Frank], it's impossible...It's like being with a woman. He's so gentle. It's as though he thinks I'll break, as though I'm a piece of Dresden china, and he's gonna hurt me."[21] During their marriage, Gardner became pregnant twice, but aborted both pregnancies. "MGM had all sorts of penalty clauses about their stars having babies", according to her autobiography, which was published eight months after her death.[22] Gardner filed for divorce in 1954,[23] and the divorce was finalized in 1957.[24] Following their divorce, Gardner and Sinatra remained good friends for the rest of her life.[25]

Relationships

[edit]
Dining with Stewart Granger in 1950

Gardner became a lover of businessman and aviator Howard Hughes in the early to mid-1940s, and the relationship lasted into the 1950s. Gardner stated in her autobiography, Ava: My Story, that she was never in love with Hughes, but he was in and out of her life for about 20 years. Hughes' trust in Gardner was what kept their relationship alive. She described him as "painfully shy, completely enigmatic, and more eccentric...than anyone [she] had ever met".[25]

Gardner lived her last 35 years outside of the United States. She first visited Spain during the filming of Pandora and the Flying Dutchman in 1950, and she moved to that country in 1955, living there until 1968, when she moved to London.[26][27] While in Spain, she began a friendship with writer Ernest Hemingway. She had starred in an adaptation of his The Sun Also Rises that year. Five years earlier, Hemingway had successfully urged producer Darryl F. Zanuck to cast Gardner in The Snows of Kilimanjaro, a film which adapted several of his short stories. While staying with Hemingway at his villa in San Francisco de Paula in Havana, Gardner once swam alone without a swimsuit in his pool. After watching her, Hemingway ordered his staff: "The water is not to be emptied".[28]

Her time spent in Spain in the 1950s made her a fan of bullfighting and bullfighters, such as Luis Miguel Dominguín, who became her lover. She began dating Dominguín in 1954, around the time she filed for divorce from Sinatra.[29] "It was a sort of madness, honey", she later said of the time.[25] She was also linked to another bullfighter, Mario Cabre, in 1950.[30]

Gardner was also involved in a relationship with her live-in boyfriend and companion, American actor Benjamin Tatar, who worked in Spain as a foreign-language dubbing director.[31] Tatar later wrote an autobiography in which he discussed his relationship with Gardner, though the book was never published.[31]

Gardner had a close friendship with Gregory Peck, with whom she starred together in three films, the first one being The Great Sinner (1949).[32] Their friendship lasted the rest of Gardner's life, and, upon her death in 1990, Peck took in both her housekeeper and her dog.[33]

Religion and political views

[edit]
Gardner at Kastrup Airport CPH in Copenhagen (1955)

Although Gardner was raised Baptist, she was an atheist later in life.[34][35] Religion never played a positive role in her life, according to biographers and Gardner, in her autobiography Ava: My Story. Her friend Zoe Sallis, who met her on the set of The Bible: In the Beginning... when Gardner was living with John Huston in Puerto Vallarta, said Gardner always seemed unconcerned about religion.[35] When Sallis asked her about religion once, Gardner replied, "It doesn't exist".[35] Another factor that contributed to this was the death of Gardner's father in her youth, "Nobody wanted to know Daddy when he was dying. He was so alone. He was scared. I could see the fear in his eyes when he was smiling. I went to see the preacher, the guy who'd baptized me. I begged him to come and visit Daddy, just to talk to him, you know? Give him a blessing or something. But he never did. He never came. God, I hated him. Cold-arse bastards like that ought to...I don't know...they should be in some other racket, I know that. I had no time for religion after that. I never prayed. I never said another prayer".[35] Concerning politics, Gardner was a lifelong Democrat, and she supported Adlai Stevenson II in the 1952 United States presidential election.[13][36]

Gardner was a staunch supporter of civil rights for African-Americans throughout her life. As a child growing up in North Carolina, she would often sit with African-American children in segregated parts of movie theaters. Her personal assistant, Rene Jordan, was African-American, and Gardner would often take her to clubs that were for whites only. She supported Henry A. Wallace of the Progressive Party, whose campaign in 1948 for the presidential election sought racial equality and desegregation.[37]

She became a member of the NAACP in August 1968.[38]

Death

[edit]
Blue plaque erected by English Heritage
Gardner's statue in Tossa de Mar, Catalonia, Spain

A bout of pneumonia, after a lifetime of smoking, coupled with her underlying condition of lupus erythematosus brought on a stroke in 1986 that left Gardner partially paralyzed.[39][40] Although she could afford her medical expenses, Frank Sinatra wanted to pay for her visit to a specialist in the United States, and she allowed him to make the arrangements for a medically staffed private plane. She died on January 25, 1990, at the age of 67, of pneumonia and fibrosing alveolitis at her London home 34 Ennismore Gardens, where she had lived since 1968.[41]

Gardner was buried on January 29 in Sunset Memorial Park in Smithfield, North Carolina, next to her siblings and their parents, Jonas and Molly Gardner.[42] The Ava Gardner Museum, incorporated in 1996, is located nearby.[43]

Bibliography

[edit]

In the last years of her life, Gardner asked Peter Evans to ghostwrite her autobiography, stating: "I either write the book or sell the jewels." Despite meeting with Evans frequently, and approving of most of his copy, Gardner eventually learned that Evans, along with the BBC, had once been sued by her ex-husband Frank Sinatra. Gardner and Evans's friendship subsequently cooled, and Evans left the project. Evans' notes and sections of his draft of Gardner's autobiography, which he based on their taped conversations, were published in the book Ava Gardner: The Secret Conversations after Evans' death in 2012.[44]

Accolades

[edit]

Gardner was nominated for an Academy Award for Mogambo (1953); which Audrey Hepburn won for Roman Holiday. Her role in The Night of the Iguana (1964) was well reviewed, and she was nominated for a BAFTA Award and a Golden Globe. Additionally, Gardner won the Silver Shell for Best Actress at the San Sebastián International Film Festival in 1964 for The Night of the Iguana.[45]

Film portrayals

[edit]

Gardner has been portrayed by Marcia Gay Harden in the 1992 miniseries Sinatra, by Deborah Kara Unger in the 1998 television film The Rat Pack, by Kate Beckinsale in the 2004 Howard Hughes biopic The Aviator, Anna Drijver in the 2012 Italian TV film Walter Chiari – Fino all'ultima risata,[46] and Emily Elicia Low in Frank & Ava (2018).

Gardner as Maria Vargas in The Barefoot Contessa (1954)

The images of Gardner and Clark Gable are featured on the cover of Robin Gibb's 1983 album How Old Are You?

The 2018 Spanish television series Arde Madrid is a comedy-drama with thriller elements based on elements of Ava Gardner's life in Francoist Spain. Gardner is portrayed by Debi Mazar.[47]

Filmography

[edit]

Film

[edit]
Gardner with Dirk Bogarde in The Angel Wore Red (1960)
Year Title Role Notes
1941 Fancy Answers Girl at Recital short film
uncredited
1941 Strange Testament Waitress short film
uncredited
1941 Shadow of the Thin Man Passerby uncredited
1941 H. M. Pulham, Esq. Young Socialite uncredited
1941 Babes on Broadway Audience member uncredited
1942 Joe Smith, American Miss Maynard, Secretary uncredited
1942 This Time for Keeps Girl in car lighting cigarette uncredited
1942 We Do It Because Lucretia Borgia short film
uncredited
1942 Kid Glove Killer Car Hop uncredited
1942 Sunday Punch Ringsider uncredited
1942 Calling Dr. Gillespie Student at finishing school uncredited
1942 Mighty Lak a Goat Girl at the Bijou box office short film
uncredited
1942 Reunion in France Marie, a salesgirl uncredited
1943 Du Barry Was a Lady Perfume Girl uncredited
1943 Hitler's Madman Franciska Pritric, a Student uncredited
1943 Ghosts on the Loose Betty
1943 Young Ideas Co-ed uncredited
1943 Swing Fever Receptionist uncredited
1943 Lost Angel Hat Check Girl uncredited
1944 Two Girls and a Sailor Dream Girl Uncredited
1944 Three Men in White Jean Brown
1944 Maisie Goes to Reno Gloria Fullerton
1944 Blonde Fever bit role uncredited
1945 She Went to the Races Hilda Spotts
1946 Whistle Stop Mary
1946 The Killers Kitty Collins
1947 The Hucksters Jean Ogilvie
1947 Singapore Linda Grahame/Ann Van Leyden
1948 One Touch of Venus Venus/Venus Jones
1949 The Bribe Elizabeth Hintten
1949 The Great Sinner Pauline Ostrovsky
1949 East Side, West Side Isabel Lorrison
1951 My Forbidden Past Barbara Beaurevel
1951 Pandora and the Flying Dutchman Pandora Reynolds
1951 Show Boat Julie LaVerne
1952 Lone Star Martha Ronda
1952 The Snows of Kilimanjaro Cynthia Green
1953 The Band Wagon Herself uncredited
1953 Ride, Vaquero! Cordelia Cameron
1953 Mogambo Eloise "Honey Bear" Kelly nominated—Academy Award for Best Actress
1953 Knights of the Round Table Guinevere
1954 The Barefoot Contessa Maria Vargas
1956 Bhowani Junction Victoria Jones nominated—BAFTA for Best Foreign Actress
1957 The Little Hut Lady Susan Ashlow
1957 The Sun Also Rises Lady Brett Ashley
1958 The Naked Maja Maria Cayetana, Duchess of Alba
1959 On the Beach Moira Davidson nominated—BAFTA for Best Foreign Actress
1960 The Angel Wore Red Soledad
1963 55 Days at Peking Baroness Natalie Ivanoff
1964 Seven Days in May Eleanor Holbrook
1964 The Night of the Iguana Maxine Faulk Nominated—BAFTA for Best Foreign Actress
Nominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama
Silver Shell for Best Actress
1966 The Bible: In the Beginning... Sarah
1968 Mayerling Empress Elizabeth
1970 Tam-Lin Michaela Cazaret
1972 The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean Lily Langtry
1974 Earthquake Remy Royce-Graff
1975 Permission to Kill Katina Petersen
1976 The Blue Bird Luxury
1976 The Cassandra Crossing Nicole Dressler
1977 The Sentinel Miss Logan
1979 City on Fire Maggie Grayson
1980 The Kidnapping of the President Beth Richards
1981 Priest of Love Mabel Dodge Luhan
1982 Regina Roma Mama

Television

[edit]
Year Title Role Notes
1953 What's My Line Herself, as Mystery Guest first TV show appearance
1985 A.D. Agrippina miniseries
1985 Knots Landing Ruth Galveston 7 episodes
1985 The Long Hot Summer Minnie Littlejohn TV movie
1986 Harem Kadin TV movie
1986 Maggie Diane Webb TV movie

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Profile Archived July 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ "Ava Gardner". Biography.com. April 22, 2021.
  3. ^ a b c Server, Lee (April 1, 2007). Ava Gardner: "Love Is Nothing". St. Martin's Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-4299-0874-0.
  4. ^ Server, Lee (May 15, 2007). Ava Gardner: "Love is Nothing". Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-31210-7.
  5. ^ Ava Gardner 1940s, The Pop History Dig
  6. ^ Ava Gardner profile, Turner Classic Movies website; accessed August 31, 2014.
  7. ^ a b c Encyclopedia of World Biography Vol. 25 (2005) Gale, Detroit
  8. ^ Bean, Kendra; Uzarowski, Anthony (July 11, 2017). Ava Gardner: A Life in Movies. Running Press. ISBN 978-0-7624-6043-4.
  9. ^ Server, Lee (May 15, 2007). Ava Gardner: "Love Is Nothing". Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-31210-7.
  10. ^ Cannon, Doris Rollins (2001). Grabtown Girl: Ava Gardner's North Carolina Childhood and Her Enduring Ties to Home. Asheboro, NC: Down Home Press. ISBN 1-878086-89-8.
  11. ^ Johnson, Erskine (April 4, 1951). "In Hollywood". Dixon Evening Telegraph. NEA. p. 4 – via Newspapers.com.Open access icon
  12. ^ Washington Post article, "Movie Stars: The odd and amazing careers of Ava Gardner, Barbra Streisand, Patricia Neal, and Ed Sullivan", short reviews by Dennis Drabelle, Washington Post Book World, July 2, 2006.
  13. ^ a b Server, Lee (May 15, 2007). Ava Gardner: "Love Is Nothing". Macmillan. ISBN 9780312312107 – via Google Books.
  14. ^ a b "Biblical Role Scares Ava". The Spokesman-Review. September 6, 1964. Retrieved April 2, 2014.
  15. ^ Harris, Mark. Pictures at a Revolution: Five Movies and the Birth of New Hollywood. New York: Penguin Books, 2008, p. 238
  16. ^ "Ava Gardner and Mickey Rooney Divorce Papers. Three-page set of | Lot #22009". Heritage Auctions. Archived from the original on February 5, 2021. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
  17. ^ Lertzman, Richard A.; Birnes, William J. (October 20, 2015). The Life and Times of Mickey Rooney. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-5011-0096-3.
  18. ^ "Divorce Given To Ava, Mickey". Rocky Mount Telegram. May 20, 1943. p. 9. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
  19. ^ "Frank Sinatra and Bride Fly to Miami on Honeymoon Trip". Evening Star. November 8, 1951. p. Image 3, col 2.
  20. ^ Schwarz, Benjamin (July 1, 2007). "His Second Act". The Atlantic. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
  21. ^ Kaplan, James, Frank The Voice, Doubleday, 2010, p. 416
  22. ^ Gardner, Ava. Ava: My Story. New York: Bantam, 1990.
  23. ^ "Today in Entertainment History: Sinatra and Gardner married". Las Vegas Sun. October 30, 2023. Retrieved November 15, 2023.
  24. ^ "Ava Gardner Gets Divorce". The New York Times. July 6, 1957. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 15, 2023.
  25. ^ a b c Gardner, Ava. Ava: My Story. New York: Bantam Books.
  26. ^ "A list of frequently asked questions about Ava Gardner, from the staff of the Ava Gardner Museum". www.johnstoncountync.org. Retrieved November 15, 2023.
  27. ^ "Ava Gardner remembered with London blue plaque". Sky News. Retrieved November 15, 2023.
  28. ^ Gail Bell. "Ghost Writers", The Monthly (March 2010).
  29. ^ Kelley, Kitty (1986). His Way: The Unauthorized Biography of Frank Sinatra. Bantam Books Trade Paperbacks. p. 239. ISBN 978-0-553-38618-9.
  30. ^ "Mario Cabre; Bullfighter, Actor Linked to Ava Gardner". Los Angeles Times. July 2, 1990. Retrieved November 15, 2023.
  31. ^ a b Sabatini, Patricia (December 2, 2012). "Obituary: Benjamin Tatar/Actor was Jackie Gleason's aide, lived with Ava Gardner". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved December 24, 2012.
  32. ^ "The Great Sinner (1949) - Robert Siodmak | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related". AllMovie.
  33. ^ "Farewell: We pay tribute to Gregory Peck". Entertainment Weekly.
  34. ^ "The religion of Ava Gardner, actress". www.adherents.com. Archived from the original on November 19, 2005.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  35. ^ a b c d "Ava Gardner – Freedom From Religion Foundation".
  36. ^ Bean, Kendra; Uzarowski, Anthony (July 11, 2017). Ava Gardner: A Life in Movies. Running Press. ISBN 9780762460434 – via Google Books.
  37. ^ Kaplan, Peter W. (February 25, 1985). "Gable to J.R. with Ava Gardner". The New York Times. Retrieved September 4, 2023.
  38. ^ Celebrating Black History Month at the Ava Gardner Museum, February 13, 2020
  39. ^ Russian, Ale (July 13, 2017). "Ava Gardner, Frank Sinatra: Biggest Bombshells from New Biography". People. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
  40. ^ Server, Lee (May 15, 2007). Ava Gardner: "Love Is Nothing". Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-31210-7.
  41. ^ Certified Copy of a Register of Deaths - Entry No. 225.
  42. ^ "Ava Gardner buried near farm where she was born - UPI Archives". UPI. Retrieved May 15, 2023.
  43. ^ "Learn about the history of the Ava Gardner Museum in Smithfield, NC". www.johnstoncountync.org. Archived from the original on March 27, 2022. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  44. ^ Evans, Peter and Garner, Ava. Ava Gardner: The Secret Conversations. Simon & Schuster, 2013; ISBN 978-1451627695
  45. ^ "San Sebastian Film Festival". sansebastianfestival.com.
  46. ^ "Rai Uno Walter Chiari – Cast Artistico". rai.it. Archived from the original on February 13, 2017. Retrieved February 27, 2012.
  47. ^ García, Rocío (September 27, 2018). "Sexo, alcohol y fiesta en la España de Franco y Ava Gardner". El País – via elpais.com.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Cannon, Doris Rollins. Grabtown Girl: Ava Gardner's North Carolina Childhood and Her Enduring Ties to Home. Down Home Press, 2001; ISBN 1-878086-89-8.
  • Fowler, Karin. Ava Gardner: A Bio-Bibliography. Greenwood Press, 1990; ISBN 0-313-26776-6.
  • Gardner, Ava. Ava: My Story. Bantam, 1990; ISBN 0-553-07134-3.
  • Gigliotti, Gilbert, editor. Ava Gardner: Touches of Venus. Entasis Press, 2010; ISBN 978-0-9800999-5-9.
  • Grobel, Lawrence (2014). Conversations with Ava Gardner. Scotts Valley, Cal.: CreateSpace. ISBN 9781500635428. OCLC 909479753.
  • Mims, Bryan. "Our Ava", Our State Magazine, 2014.
  • Rivers, Alton. Love, Ava: A Novel. St. Martin's Press, 2007; ISBN 0-312-36279-X.
  • Server, Lee. Ava Gardner: Love Is Nothing. St. Martin's Press, 2006; ISBN 0-312-31209-1.
  • Wayne, Jane Ellen. Ava's Men: The Private Life of Ava Gardner. Robson Books, 2004; ISBN 1-86105-785-7.
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