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Mount Gerizim

Coordinates: 32°12′3.1″N 35°16′23.73″E / 32.200861°N 35.2732583°E / 32.200861; 35.2732583
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Gerizim
Mount Gerizim ridge as seen from Mount Ibal.
Highest point
Coordinates32°12′3.1″N 35°16′23.73″E / 32.200861°N 35.2732583°E / 32.200861; 35.2732583
Geography
Gerizim is located in the West Bank
Gerizim
Gerizim
Location of Mount Gerizim within the West Bank
Parent rangeSamarian mountains
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Trilingual road signs directing toward Mount Gerizim and Kiryat Luza (Shomronim – Samaritans in Hebrew)

Mount Gerizim (/ˈɡɛrɪzɪm/ GHERR-iz-im; Samaritan Hebrew: ࠄࠟࠓࠬࠂࠟࠓࠩࠆࠝࠉࠌ, romanized: ʾĀ̊rgā̊rīzem; Hebrew: הַר גְּרִזִים, romanized: Har Gərīzīm; Arabic: جَبَل جَرِزِيم, romanized: Jabal Jarizīm, or جَبَلُ ٱلطُّورِ, Jabal at-Ṭūr) is one of two mountains in the immediate vicinity of the Palestinian city of Nablus and the biblical city of Shechem.[1] It forms the southern side of the valley in which Nablus is situated, the northern side being formed by Mount Ebal.[2] The mountain is one of the highest peaks in the West Bank and rises to 881 m (2,890 ft) above sea level, 70 m (230 ft) lower than Mount Ebal.[3] The mountain is particularly steep on the northern side, is sparsely covered at the top with shrubbery, and lower down there is a spring with a high yield of fresh water.[4] For the Samaritan people, most of whom live around it, Mount Gerizim is considered the holiest place on Earth.[5]

The mountain is mentioned in the Bible as the place where, upon first entering the Promised Land after the Exodus, the Israelites performed ceremonies of blessings, as they had been instructed by Moses.[6]

Mount Gerizim is sacred to the Samaritans, who regard it, rather than Jerusalem's Temple Mount, as the location chosen by God for a holy temple. In Samaritan tradition, it is the oldest and most central mountain in the world, towering above the Great Flood and providing the first land for Noah’s disembarkation.[7] It is the location where Abraham almost sacrificed his son Isaac.[5] A Samaritan Temple was located on Mount Gerizim from the 5th century BCE to the 2nd century BCE. Jews, on the other hand, consider the location of the near-sacrifice to be Mount Moriah, traditionally identified by them with the Temple Mount. Mount Gerizim continues to be the centre of Samaritan religion to this day, and Samaritans ascend it three times a year: at Passover, Shavuot and Sukkot.[1] Passover is still celebrated by the Samaritans with a lamb sacrifice on Mount Gerizim.[8]

The Samaritan village of Kiryat Luza and an Israeli settlement, Har Brakha, are situated on the ridge of Mount Gerizim.[9][10] During the First Intifada in 1987, many Samaritan families relocated from Nablus to Mount Gerizim to avoid the violence.[11] Today, about half of the remaining Samaritans live in close proximity to Gerizim, mostly in the village of Kiryat Luza.

Biblical account

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Old City of Nablus and Mount Gerizim in background

According to the Hebrew Bible, as related in Deuteronomy, when they first entered Canaan the Israelites celebrated the event with ceremonies of blessings and cursings: the ceremonies of blessings took place on Mount Gerizim, and the cursings on nearby Mount Ebal.[6][12] The Pulpit Commentary suggests that these mountains were selected probably "because they stand in the center of the Land both from north to south, and from east to west". A commentary in the Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges argues that "the face of Gerizim, the mount of blessing, is the more fertile; the opposite face of Ebal, the mount of curse, much the more bare",[13] but the Pulpit Commentary states that both Gerizim and Ebal are "equally barren-looking, though neither is wholly destitute of culture and vegetation".[14]

The Masoretic Text says that Moses had also commanded the Israelites to build an altar on Mount Ebal, constructed from natural (rather than cut) stones, to place stones there and whiten them with lime,[4] to make sacrificial offerings on the altar, eat there, and write the Mosaic Law in stones there.[15] The Samaritan Pentateuch, as well as an ancient manuscript of the biblical text found in Qumran,[16] both bring the same excerpt as the Masoretic Text, with the only difference being the name "Gerizim", instead of "Ebal", therefore stating that Moses commanded the building of the altar on Mount Gerizim.[12][17] Recent work on the Dead Sea Scrolls, which include the oldest surviving manuscripts of the biblical text, further supports the accuracy of the Samaritan Pentateuch's designation of Mount Gerizim, rather than Mount Ebal, as the first location in the Promised Land where Moses commanded an altar to be built.[18]

All versions of the biblical text then have Moses specifying how the Israelites should split between the two groups that were to pronounce blessings from Mount Gerizim and to pronounce curses from Mount Ebal. The tribes of Simeon, Levi, Judah, Issachar, Joseph, and Benjamin were to be sent to Gerizim, while those of Reuben, Gad, Asher, Zebulun, Dan, and Naphtali were to remain on Ebal.[19]

The altar to God is again mentioned in the Book of Joshua, when, after the Battle of Ai, Joshua builds an altar of unhewn stones, the Israelites make peace offerings on it, the law of Moses is written onto the stones, and the Israelites split into the two groups specified in Deuteronomy and pronounce blessings on Mount Gerizim and curses on Mount Ebal, as instructed in the law of Moses.[20] Biblical scholars believe that the sources of the book of Joshua predate those of Deuteronomy, and hence the order to build the altar and make the inscriptions is likely based on these actions in the sources of Joshua, rather than the other way around, possibly to provide an origin explanation for the events narrated in Joshua.[21]

Samaritans' Passover pilgrimage on Mount Gerizim.

When Joshua was old and dying, he gathered the people together at Shechem (present-day Nablus) and gave a farewell speech, and set up "a stone as a witness", placing it "next to the sanctuary of Yahweh, under the oak tree",[22] which indicates that a sanctuary to God existed there.[17]

Mount Gerizim was also the site of the first parable in the Bible.[23] Judges 9:7–20 records how Jotham son of Gideon stands on the mountain to proclaim the parable of the trees who wanted to make the bramble king among them, an allusion to the people of Schechem who wanted to make the ungodly and treacherous Abimelech their king.

History

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Further information: Samaritan Temple
Passover on Gerizim in the 1890s

A Samaritan temple dedicated to Yahweh was built on Mount Gerizim during the 5th century BCE.[24][25] It existed contemporaneously with the Jewish Second Temple in Jerusalem.[26][full citation needed] By that point, the Israelites were divided as "Samaritans" and "Jews", both claiming descendance from the Biblical Israelites and preaching adherence to the Torah, but diverging on the holiest place on Earth to adore God: Mount Gerizim for the Samaritans, and Jerusalem for the Jews.[4]

Old view of Nablus and Mount Gerizim

An adjacent city was built by the Samaritans during the 3rd century BCE, and became the cultural center for the Samaritans.[27] Religious rivalry between Samaritans and Jews led to Mount Gerizim being destroyed by the latter in 112–111 BCE, on orders of John Hyrcanus.[27][28][29] Even after the destruction of their temple by the Jews, Mount Gerizim continued to be the holy place for the Samaritans, as mentioned in the New Testament.[30] Coins produced by a Roman mint situated in Nablus, dated to 138–161 CE, seemingly depict the destroyed Samaritan temple, showing a huge temple complex, statues, and a substantive staircase leading from Nablus to the temple.[31]

In the Gospel of John in the New Testament, in his discussion with the Samaritan woman at the well, Jesus reveals his feeling about worshipping in either Mount Gerizim (as the Samaritans did) or Jerusalem (as the Jews then did):

Jesus said to her, "Woman, believe me, the hour is coming when you will worship the Father neither on this mountain nor in Jerusalem. You worship what you do not know; we worship what we know, for salvation is from the Jews. But the hour is coming, and is now here, when the true worshipers will worship the Father in spirit and truth, for the Father seeks such as these to worship him. God is spirit, and those who worship him must worship in spirit and truth."

— John 4:21–24

In 36 CE, unrest flared in Samaria when a charismatic figure[who?] rallied Samaritans to Mount Gerizim, claiming to unearth sacred vessels buried by Moses. Pontius Pilate, Roman governor of Judaea, alarmed by the growing assembly, deployed troops to block their ascent. This led to clashes, fatalities, and arrests, prompting Samaritan leaders to accuse Pilate of brutality. In response, Vitellius, the legate of Syria, appointed Marcellus to govern Judaea and recalled Pilate to Rome for investigation by Emperor Tiberius, who died before Pilate's arrival.[32](pp 75–76)

In the summer of 67 CE, during the First Jewish–Roman War, a large group of Samaritans gathered on Mount Gerizim. Vespasian dispatched Cerialis, who commanded Legio V Macedonica, with a small force of 600 cavalry and 3,000 infantry, probably banking on the Samaritans' lack of defenses and summer water shortages. While some surrendered upon the Romans' arrival, the majority chose to fight. The conflict resulted in significant Samaritan casualties, totaling 11,600, according to Josephus.[32](pp 227–228)

Eventually, when Christianity became the state church of the Roman Empire, Samaritans were barred from worshiping on Mount Gerizim. In 475 CE, a Christian church was built on its summit.[33][dubious – discuss][full citation needed] In 484, during the reign of Emperor Zeno, a martyrium-type octagonal church dedicated to the Theotokos (the God-bearing Virgin Mary) was erected at the site.[5] In 529, Justinian I made Samaritanism illegal and arranged for a protective wall to be constructed around the church.[4][33] As a result, the same year, Julianus ben Sabar led a pro-Samaritan revolt and by 530 had captured most of Samaria, destroying churches and killing the priests and officials. However, in 531, after Justinian enlisted the help of Ghassanids, the revolt was completely quashed, and surviving Samaritans were mostly enslaved or exiled. In 533 Justinian had a castle constructed on Mount Gerizim to protect the church from raids by the few disgruntled Samaritans left in the area.[4][33]

According to Abu'l-Fath, Continuatio of the Samaritan Chronicle,[34] during Sukkot in the seventh year of Abbasid Caliph al-Mutawakkil's reign (855), the governor of Nablus forbade Samaritans from praying aloud and blowing the shofar. However, the following Thursday, they ascended the mountain and prayed loudly without interruption.[34]

Archaeology

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Ruins on Mount Gerizim c. 1880.

Excavations at the site were initiated in 1983 and continued until 2006, and yielded tens of thousands of finds. Remnants found there identified that a Samaritan temple existed atop Mount Gerizim by the mid-5th century BCE and that it was destroyed and rebuilt in the early 2nd century BCE, only to be destroyed again in 111–110 BCE by Jewish forces.[35](pp 157–165) The archeological finds have shown that the precincts of the Samaritan temple, not including its gates, measured 96 m × 98 m. Inside the perimeter, thousands of pottery vessels and burned bones of animal sacrifices were found – sheep, goats, cattle, and doves[35](p 162) – as well as many stones with inscriptions containing the Tetragrammaton (the name of God).[35](p 168)

In 475 CE a Christian church was built on the Mount's summit. As a result of the fortified church and the previous Samaritan temple, extensive ruins still exist at the somewhat plateau-like top of Gerizim. The line of the wall around the church can easily be seen,[4] as can portions of the former castle, and initial archaeological study of the site postulated that the castle built by Justinian had used stones from an earlier structure on the site, probably the Samaritan temple.[33] In the centre of the plateau is a smooth surface, containing a hollow.[33]

Archaeological remnants on Mount Gerizim's summit

The excavation, initiated when the site was in the possession of Jordan and continued under Israeli rule, uncovered Corinthian columns, a large rectangular platform 65 m × 44 m (215 ft × 145 ft) surrounded by walls 2 m thick (6 ft) and 9 m high (30 ft), and a staircase 8 m wide (25 ft) leading down from the platform to a marbled esplanade.[31] The complex also has a series of cisterns in which ceramics dated to the late Roman period were found.[31] These discoveries are now called "structure A", and have been dated to the time of Hadrian from excavated coins and external literary evidence.[31] Underneath these remains were found a large stone structure built on top of the bedrock. This structure, now known as "structure B", is nearly half of a cube (21 m × 20 m in width and length, and 8.5 m high). It has no internal rooms or dividing walls and consists almost entirely of uncut limestone slabs fitted together without any mortar.[31] Structure B was surrounded by a courtyard (60 m × 40 m, with 1.5 m thick walls) similar to the platform above it, and was dated to during or before the Hellenistic period, from ceramics found in a cistern cut into the bedrock at the northern side.[31] The excavating archaeologist considered "structure B" to be the altar built by the Samaritans in the 5th or 6th century BCE.[31]

Etymology

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It is possible that the name of the mountain may mean mountain of the Gerizites, a tribe in the vicinity of the Philistines that, according to the Hebrew Bible, was conquered by David.[17] Another possible meaning is mountain cut in two.[33]

According to the narrative about Jotham in the Book of Judges, Shechem was a site where there was a sanctuary of El-Berith, also known as Baal Berith, meaning "God of the covenant" and "Lord of the covenant", respectively;[36] scholars have suggested that the Joshua story about the site derives from a covenant made there in Canaanite times.[37] In the narrative of Judges, the "pillar that was in Shechem" is seemingly significant enough to have given its name to a nearby plain (Judges 9:6), and this pillar is thought to be likely to have been a baetylus of El-Berith; the Joshua story, of a stone being set up as a witness, simply being an attempt to provide an etiology in accordance with later Israelite theology.[33]

See also

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Notes and citations

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  1. ^ a b "3. The Votive Inscriptions from Mount Gerizim". Before the God in this Place for Good Remembrance. De Gruyter. 2013-05-28. pp. 52–90. doi:10.1515/9783110301878.52. ISBN 978-3-11-030187-8.
  2. ^ "Mount Gerizim". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  3. ^ Matthew Sturgis, It aint necessarily so, ISBN 0-7472-4510-X
  4. ^ a b c d e f Jewish Encyclopedia
  5. ^ a b c UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2 April 2012). "Mount Gerizim and the Samaritans (Submission for admission as UNESCO World Heritage site presented by the State of Palestine)". Retrieved 24 December 2020.
  6. ^ a b Deuteronomy 11:29–30
  7. ^ Anderson, Robert T., "Mount Gerizim: Navel of the World", Biblical Archaeologist Vol. 43, No. 4 (Autumn 1980), pp 217-218
  8. ^ "Photograph of this". Archived from the original on 2016-05-12. Retrieved 2014-05-01.
  9. ^ "Har Bracha - The Community". Yeshivat Har Bracha. Retrieved 2022-01-13.
  10. ^ "Not Muslim, Not Jewish: Ancient Community in the West Bank Feels Increasingly Israeli". Haaretz. Retrieved 2022-01-13.
  11. ^ "The Samaritan connection to Mount Gerizim restoration, conservation". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 2022-05-14. Retrieved 2024-06-04.
  12. ^ a b Yitzakh Magen, 'The Dating of the First Phase of the Samaritan Temple on Mt Gerizim in Light of Archaeological Evidence,' in Oded Lipschitz, Gary N. Knoppers, Rainer Albertz (eds.) Judah and the Judeans in the Fourth Century B.C.E., Eisenbrauns, 2007 pp. 157ff, 183.
  13. ^ Smith, G. A., Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges on Deuteronomy 11, accessed 2015-11-25.
  14. ^ Pulpit Commentary on Deuteronomy 11, accessed 2015-11-25.
  15. ^ Deuteronomy 27:4–8
  16. ^ "An Unknown Dead Sea Scrolls Fragment of Deuteronomy James H. Charlesworth". Ijco.org. Archived from the original on 2011-12-10. Retrieved 2014-05-01.
  17. ^ a b c Peake's Commentary on the Bible
  18. ^ Charlesworth, James H. (2012-07-16). "The Discovery of an Unknown Dead Sea Scroll: The Original Text of Deuteronomy 27?". OWU Magazine. Archived from the original on 2015-11-26.
  19. ^ Deuteronomy 27:11–13
  20. ^ Joshua 8:31–35
  21. ^ Richard Elliott Friedman, Who wrote the Bible; Jewish Encyclopedia, Book of Joshua, Deuteronomy, et passim
  22. ^ Joshua 24:1–27
  23. ^ Constable, Thomas. "Notes on Judges". Constable's Notes on the Bible.
  24. ^ Magen, Yitzhak (2007). "The dating of the first phase of the Samaritan temple on Mount Gerizim in the light of the archaeological evidence". In Lipschitz, Oded; Knoppers, Gary N.; Albertz, Rainer (eds.). Judah and Judeans in the Fourth Century BC. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 9781575061306.
  25. ^ For an alternative date of the original construction of the temple during the Iron Age II, see: Arie, Eran (2021). "Revisiting Mount Gerizim: The foundation of the sacred precinct and the proto-Ionic capitals". In Zelinger, Yehiel; Peleg-Barkat, Orit; Uziel, Joe; Gadot, Yuval (eds.). New Studies in the Archaeology of Jerusalem and Its Region: Collected papers. Vol. 14. Israel Antiquities Authority. pp. 39*–63*. ISBN 978-965-406-744-7.
  26. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia. et passim.
  27. ^ a b Dar, Shimon (2010). "Archaeological aspects of Samaritan research in Israel". Religious Diversity in Late Antiquity. Brill. p. 190. ISBN 978-90-474-4453-4.
  28. ^ Berlin, Adele (2011). The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion. Oxford University Press. p. 330. ISBN 978-0-19-973004-9. John Hyrcanus I embarked upon further territorial conquests, forcing the non-Jewish populations of the conquered regions to adopt the Jewish way of life and destroying the Samaritan temple on Mount Gerizim.
  29. ^ Bourgel, Jonathan (2016). "The destruction of the Samaritan temple by John Hyrcanus: A reconsideration". Journal of Biblical Literature. 135 (3): 505–523. doi:10.1353/jbl.2016.0032. Bourgel, Jonathan (November 2019). "The Samaritans during the Hasmonean period: The affirmation of a discrete identity?". Religions. 10 (11): 628. doi:10.3390/rel10110628.
  30. ^ John 4:20
  31. ^ a b c d e f g Bennett, W.J.; Bull, R. (1998). "Tell er-Ras". Publication of Archaeological Materials and Data from Mt. Gerizim, West Bank (Report).
  32. ^ a b Rogers, Guy MacLean (2021). For the Freedom of Zion: The great revolt of Jews against Romans, 66–74 CE . New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. pp. 75–76, 227–228. ISBN 978-0-300-24813-5.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g Cheyne; Black (1899). Encyclopedia Biblica.
  34. ^ a b Levy-Rubin, Milka (2002). "The Samaritans during the early Muslim period, according to the Continuatio to the Chronicle of Abu'l-Fath". In Stern, Ephraim; Eshel, Hanan (eds.). The Samaritans (in Hebrew). Yad Ben-Zvi Press. p. 575. ISBN 965-217-202-2.
  35. ^ a b c Lipschitz, Oded; Knoppers, Gary N.; Albertz, Rainer (2007). Judah and the Judeans in the Fourth Century BCE. Eisenbrauns. pp. 157–165, 168. ISBN 978-1-57506-130-6.
  36. ^ Judges 9
  37. ^ Judges 9; Peake's commentary on the Bible et passim
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