Billy Budd (film)

Billy Budd
Original film poster
Directed by	Peter Ustinov
Screenplay by	Peter Ustinov Robert Rossen DeWitt Bodeen
Based on	Billy Budd 1924 novella by Herman Melville Billy Budd 1949 play by Louis O. Coxe Robert H. Chapman
Produced by	Peter Ustinov
Starring	Terence Stamp Robert Ryan Peter Ustinov Melvyn Douglas
Cinematography	Robert Krasker
Edited by	Jack Harris
Music by	Antony Hopkins
Production companies	Anglo Allied Harvest Films Nikhanj Films
Distributed by	Rank Film Distributors
Release date	21 September 1962 (1962-09-21) (London)
Running time	123 minutes
Country	United Kingdom
Language	English
Budget	$1.2 million
Box office	$25 million

Billy Budd is a 1962 British historical drama-adventure film produced, directed, and co-written by Peter Ustinov. Adapted from Louis O. Coxe and Robert H. Chapman's stage play version of Herman Melville's short novel Billy Budd, it stars Terence Stamp as Billy Budd, Robert Ryan as John Claggart, and Ustinov as Captain Vere. In his feature film debut, Stamp was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, and received a Golden Globe Award for Most Promising Male Newcomer. The film was nominated for four BAFTAs.

Plot

In the year 1797, the British naval vessel HMS Avenger presses into service a crewman "according to the Rights of War" from the merchant ship The Rights of Man. The new crewman, Billy Budd, is considered naive by his shipmates, and they attempt to indoctrinate him in their cynicism. But Budd's steadfast optimism remains; when asked to critique the horrible stew the crew must eat, he offers "It's hot. And there's a lot of it. I like everything about it except the flavor." The crew discovers Budd stammers in his speech when anxious.

Though Budd manages to enchant the crew, his attempts at befriending the brutal master-at-arms, John Claggart, are unsuccessful. Claggart is cruel and unrepentant, a man who controls the crew through vicious flogging, savaging them before they can prey on him. In a scene on deck alone with Billy, Claggart is lit with shadows on his brows resembling satanic horns.

Claggart orders Squeak to find means of putting Budd on report and to implicate him in a planned mutiny. He then brings his charges to the Captain, Edwin Fairfax Vere. Vere summons both Claggart and Budd to his cabin for a private confrontation. When Claggart makes his false charges that Budd is a conspirator, Budd stammers, unable to find the words to respond, and he strikes Claggart - who falls backward against a block and tackle and fatally injures himself.

Captain Vere assembles a court-martial. Though aware of the background to Budd and Claggart's conflict, the captain is also torn between morality and duty to his station. Vere intervenes in the final stages of deliberations - which at that point are in support of Budd - to argue the defendant must be found guilty for even striking Claggart, not to mention killing him. His argument that the letter of the law matters is successful, and Budd is convicted.

Condemned to be hanged from the ship's yardarm at dawn the following morning, Budd takes care to wear his good shoes. At Budd's final words, "God bless Captain Vere!", Vere crumbles, and Budd is subsequently hoisted up and hanged on the ship's rigging. The crew is on the verge of mutiny over the incident, but Vere can only stare off into the distance. Just as the crew is to be fired upon by the ship's marine detachment, a French vessel appears and commences cannon fire on The Avenger. The crew breaks off from the potential mutiny to return fire, and in the course of battle a piece of the ship's rigging falls on Vere, killing him. The ship's figurehead is also shot off while a narrator tells of Budd's heroic sacrifice.

Cast

• Robert Ryan as John Claggart, Master d'Arms
• Peter Ustinov as Edwin Fairfax Vere, Post Captain
• Terence Stamp as Billy Budd
• Melvyn Douglas as The Dansker, sailmaker
• Paul Rogers as Philip Seymour, 1st Lieutenant
• John Neville as Julian Radcliffe, 2nd Lieutenant
• David McCallum as Steven Wyatt, Gunnery Officer
• Ronald Lewis as Enoch Jenkins, maintopman
• Lee Montague as Squeak, Mr. Claggart's assistant
• Thomas Heathcote as Alan Payne, maintopman
• Ray McAnally as William O'Daniel, maintopman
• Robert Brown as Talbot
• John Meillon as Neil Kincaid, maintopman
• Cyril Luckham as Hallam, Captain of Marines
• Niall MacGinnis as Captain Nathaniel Graveling

Production

In addition to serving as director, Ustinov also produces and co-stars in the feature. His dedication to the film appears to emanate from his identification with the characters in the story. He said, "I am an optimist, unrepentant and militant. After all, in order not to be a fool an optimist must know how sad a place the world can be. It is only the pessimist who finds this out anew every day."

On the novel itself, Melville had been writing poetry for 30 years when he returned to fiction with Billy Budd in late 1888. Still unfinished when he died in 1891, Melville's widow worked to help complete it, but it remained unpublished. Melville's biographer accidentally stumbled upon it when going through a trunk of the writer's papers in his granddaughter's New Jersey home in 1919, and it was finally published in 1924. Over the years other versions were published, but it was not until Melville's original notes were found that the definitive version was ultimately published in 1962. Coincidentally, this movie version, made in continental Europe and England, was released the same year.

Reception

Stanley Kauffmann of The New Republic wrote Billy Budd was 'in almost every way a failure, and it is (Peter) Ustinov's fault.'.

In its opening weekend in Leicester Square, London, it grossed a house record $12,000.

The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports an 92% approval rating based on 12 reviews.

Awards and honours

Award	Category	Nominee(s)	Result	Ref.
Academy Awards	Best Supporting Actor	Terence Stamp	Nominated
British Academy Film Awards	Best Film from any Source		Nominated
	Best British Film		Nominated
	Best Foreign Actor	Robert Ryan	Nominated
	Best British Screenplay	Peter Ustinov and DeWitt Bodeen	Nominated
	Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles	Terence Stamp	Nominated
Directors Guild of America Awards	Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures	Peter Ustinov	Nominated
Golden Globe Awards	Most Promising Newcomer – Male	Terence Stamp	Won
National Board of Review Awards	Top Ten Films		2nd Place
Writers Guild of America Awards	Best Written American Drama	Peter Ustinov and DeWitt Bodeen	Nominated

Further reading

• Tibbetts, John C., and James M. Welsh, eds. The Encyclopedia of Novels Into Film (2nd ed. 2005) pp 33–34.

External links

• Billy Budd at IMDb
• Billy Budd at Rotten Tomatoes
• Billy Budd at the TCM Movie Database
• Billy Budd at AllMovie