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Alcoa, Tennessee

Coordinates: 35°48′27″N 83°58′31″W / 35.80750°N 83.97528°W / 35.80750; -83.97528
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Alcoa, Tennessee
City
Alcoa Municipal Building
Alcoa Municipal Building
Flag of Alcoa, Tennessee
Flag
Official logo of Alcoa, Tennessee
Logo
Location of Alcoa in Blount County, Tennessee.
Location of Alcoa in Blount County, Tennessee.
Coordinates: 35°48′27″N 83°58′31″W / 35.80750°N 83.97528°W / 35.80750; -83.97528
CountryUnited States
StateTennessee
CountyBlount
Incorporated1919; 105 years ago (1919)
Named forAluminum Company of America
Area
[1]
 • Total15.92 sq mi (41.22 km2)
 • Land15.00 sq mi (38.85 km2)
 • Water0.92 sq mi (2.37 km2)
Elevation
[2]
932 ft (284 m)
Population
 (2020)[3]
 • Total10,978
 • Density731.82/sq mi (282.56/km2)
Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST))
 • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)
Area code865
FIPS code47-00540[4]
GNIS feature ID2403075[2]
Websitewww.cityofalcoa-tn.gov

Alcoa is a city in Blount County, Tennessee, United States. Its population was 10,978 at the 2020 census.[5] It is part of the Knoxville, TN Metropolitan Statistical Area.

As its name suggests, Alcoa was the site of a large aluminum smelting plant owned and operated by the Alcoa corporation (Aluminum Company of America). Formerly known as North Maryville, the town was incorporated under its present name in 1919.[6]

History

[edit]

Early company town

[edit]

Shortly after the Pittsburgh Reduction Company changed its name to the Aluminum Company of America in 1907, the company began investigating the possibility of establishing a large smelting operation in East Tennessee. The hydroelectric potential of the Little Tennessee River, which exits the mountains about 20 miles (32 km) southwest of Alcoa, was one of the primary incentives, as the company's aluminum smelting operation would require massive amounts of electricity. In 1910, the company established a base camp at what is now known as Calderwood, initially known as "Alcoa", and was known as such until the name was reapplied to the company's operations in North Maryville a few years later.[6]

CCM tower, formerly part of ALCOA's North Plant (now operated by Arconic)

The company considered several potential plant sites in Knoxville, Etowah, and Monroe County, but chose North Maryville due in part to the influence of Maryville mayor Samuel Everett (1864−1941). By 1914, the company had completed the initial purchase of 700 acres (280 ha) in North Maryville, and had initiated construction of the smelting plant and 150 houses for company employees. ALCOA's chief engineer Edwin Fickes and hydraulic engineer Robert Ewald drew up plans for the town to house the plant's workers. The town design initially called for the acquisition of 7,500 acres (3,000 ha), and included four sections— Vose and Springbrook in the north (around what is now Springbrook Park) and Bassel and Hall in the south (around what is now the South Plant). Hall, named for the inventor of the aluminum electrolytic process, was originally a segregated community for the plant's African-American workers. Oldfield, a small community between the planned town and Maryville, would later be annexed by the city of Alcoa.[6]

World War I brought about a spike in the demand for aluminum, and the company quickly expanded its North Maryville operations. In 1919, a rolling mill (now West Plant) was completed, and the company purchased the Knoxville Power Company for its Little Tennessee Valley holdings. That same year, the company's town officially incorporated as "Alcoa". C.L. Babcock was the town's first mayor, and Victor Hultquist was the first city manager. Hultquist, who was also ALCOA's superintendent of construction, remained city manager until 1948, and oversaw much of the town's early development. In 1920, Alcoa had a population of 3,358 people living in 700 houses.[6]

The Great Depression and World War II

[edit]

Early Alcoa was a classic "company town", with the company maintaining a paternalistic relationship with the city. The city's welfare was almost wholly dependent upon the company's fortunes. This presented a problem for the company, which feared that its workforce would leave to look for jobs elsewhere during times of low production. Thus, during the Great Depression, the company maintained steady production levels in spite of the lack of demand for aluminum. Managers sought to cut workers' hours— which at one point dropped to 30 hours per week— rather than slash jobs. By the end of the decade, the company had stockpiled 42,000 tons of aluminum.[6]

The Depression (and accompanying New Deal legislation) also brought about increased labor union activity in Alcoa. A strike in 1934 was forcibly ended when Hultquist deployed a large police force. A second strike in 1937 was broken in a similar fashion, with two striking workers shot and killed and the National Guard forced to intervene.[6]

World War II proved immensely profitable for ALCOA, as aluminum was needed for aircraft construction. Production increased 600% during the war, and the company's Alcoa operations workforce swelled to 12,000. In the early 1940s, the company built its North Plant, which at the time of its completion was the world's largest plant under a single roof.[7]

Modern Alcoa

[edit]

After World War II, the city of Alcoa became less and less dependent upon its parent company. Alcoa's public image had suffered due to its hardline stance toward labor unions, and in response, it launched a series of public relations initiatives, including the donation of land for schools, parks, and airport construction. The company also desegregated its facilities during this period. In the early 1950s, the company began selling off company housing to employees.[8] In 1956, Ross Walker became the first city manager who was not employed by the company,[7] and toward the end of the decade, the company had relinquished ownership of city utilities. The completion of the Hall Road Viaduct in the 1940s and the continued development of McGhee Tyson Airport over subsequent decades led to commercial expansion and helped the city diversify its economy.[9]

Geography

[edit]
Maryville-Alcoa Greenway sunset

The city is situated in the foothills of the Great Smoky Mountains, the outermost of which, Chilhowee Mountain, rises just a few miles to the south. Large sections of the north-central and northeastern parts of the range are visible from Alcoa Highway. The Little River, which rises near the heart of the Smokies, flows through the eastern section of Alcoa before emptying into the Tennessee River near Louisville.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 15.6 square miles (40.5 km2), of which 14.7 square miles (38.2 km2) is land and 0.93 square miles (2.4 km2), or 5.90%, is water.[5]

Climate

[edit]

The climate in this area is characterized by relatively high temperatures and evenly distributed precipitation throughout the year. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Alcoa has a Humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.[10]

Climate data for Alcoa
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 46
(8) 		51
(11) 		59
(15) 		69
(21) 		77
(25) 		84
(29) 		87
(31) 		86
(30) 		80
(27) 		69
(21) 		59
(15) 		50
(10) 		68
(20)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 30
(−1) 		32
(0) 		37
(3) 		46
(8) 		55
(13) 		62
(17) 		68
(20) 		66
(19) 		59
(15) 		46
(8) 		37
(3) 		32
(0) 		48
(9)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 4.6
(120) 		4.4
(110) 		5.2
(130) 		3.8
(97) 		3.9
(99) 		4
(100) 		4.6
(120) 		3.1
(79) 		2.9
(74) 		2.7
(69) 		3.8
(97) 		4.6
(120) 		47.5
(1,210)
Source: Weatherbase [11]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
19203,358—
19305,25556.5%
19405,131−2.4%
19506,35523.9%
19606,3950.6%
19707,73921.0%
19806,870−11.2%
19906,400−6.8%
20007,73420.8%
20108,4499.2%
202010,97829.9%
2023 (est.)13,349[12]21.6%
Sources:[13][14][3]

2020 census

[edit]
Alcoa racial composition[15]
Race Number Percentage
White (non-Hispanic) 8,146 74.2%
Black or African American (non-Hispanic) 1,262 11.5%
Native American 32 0.29%
Asian 113 1.03%
Pacific Islander 3 0.03%
Other/Mixed 617 5.62%
Hispanic or Latino 805 7.33%

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 10,978 people, 3,835 households, and 2,574 families residing in the city.

2000 census

[edit]

As of the census[4] of 2000, there were 7,734 people, 3,489 households, and 2,159 families residing in the city. The population density was 560.7 inhabitants per square mile (216.5/km2). There were 3,857 housing units at an average density of 279.6 per square mile (108.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 81.15% White, 16.01% African American, 0.19% Native American, 0.34% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.78% from other races, and 1.53% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.89% of the population.

There were 3,489 households, out of which 24.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.6% were married couples living together, 13.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.1% were non-families. 33.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.80.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 20.9% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 29.1% from 25 to 44, 24.7% from 45 to 64, and 17.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.4 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $33,520, and the median income for a family was $44,333. Males had a median income of $31,464 versus $23,212 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,526. About 9.1% of families and 11.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.1% of those under age 18 and 10.9% of those age 65 or over.

Parks and recreation

[edit]

Alcoa's early developers considered public parks an essential part of the city, and in the 1920s, Alcoa sought to set aside 1-acre (4,000 m2) of land for parks for every 100 people living in the city.[16] In the early 1930s, City Manager Hultquist used idle plant workers for park construction, and over the years, the company continued donating land for park construction and expansion. In 1998, a 3-mile (4.8 km) section of the Maryville-Alcoa Greenway was completed, connecting Alcoa's Springbrook Park with Maryville's Bicentennial Greenbelt Park.[17]

Education

[edit]

Alcoa City School District is the local school district for the vast majority of the city. A few parcels are in the Blount County Schools school district.[18]

Infrastructure

[edit]
Pedestrian bridge over Alcoa Highway

In the 1990s, Alcoa engaged in a three-way struggle with Knoxville and Blount County for control of McGhee Tyson Airport, which is located in Blount County, but built and operated by Knoxville. In 1992, an attempt by Alcoa to annex the airport was blocked by a court ruling, and a similar attempt four years later was rejected by voters in a referendum. A third annexation attempt in 2002 also failed. The airport is currently managed by the Metropolitan Knoxville Airport Authority.[19]

Major thoroughfares

[edit]

Many of the city's streets, such as Bessemer, Joule, Edison, Darwin, and Watt, are named after famous scientists and inventors. Others, such as Hunt, Glascock, and Calderwood, were named for Alcoa company officials and engineers.[20]

Notable people

[edit]

Government

[edit]

Alcoa operates under the council-manager form of government providing a full range of services including police, fire, public works, recreation, planning and code enforcement along with electric, water and sewer utilities to our 8,500 residents and our estimated 40,000 daily visitors. Current City Management Staff includes:[26]

Alcoa City Management
City Title Name
City Manager Mark L. Johnson
Deputy City Manager Bruce M. Applegate, Jr.
City Attorney Stephanie D. Coleman
City Judge Allen Bray
Public Information Officer Emily Assenmacher

See also

[edit]

References

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  1. ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
  2. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Alcoa, Tennessee
  3. ^ a b "Census Population API". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
  4. ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  5. ^ a b "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Alcoa city, Tennessee". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Retrieved June 22, 2022.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Russell Parker, "Alcoa, Tennessee: The Early Years, 1919−1939." East Tennessee Historical Society Publications Vol. 48 (1976), pp. 84-100.
  7. ^ a b Russell Parker, "Alcoa, Tennessee: The Years of Change, 1940−1960." East Tennessee Historical Society Publications Vol. 49 (1977), pp. 99-117.
  8. ^ Tara Mitchel Mielnik, "ALCOA, Inc.." The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture, 2002. Retrieved: April 23, 2008.
  9. ^ City of Alcoa, Public Works and Street Development − History Archived September 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved: July 22, 2009.
  10. ^ "Alcoa, Tennessee Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase.
  11. ^ "Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Alcoa, Tennessee". Weatherbase. 2011. Retrieved on November 24, 2011.
  12. ^ "City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2023". United States Census Bureau. May 16, 2024. Retrieved May 16, 2024.
  13. ^ "Census of Population and Housing: Decennial Censuses". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 4, 2012.
  14. ^ "Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions Datasets: Subcounty Resident Population Estimates: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012". Population Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 11, 2013. Retrieved December 11, 2013.
  15. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 26, 2021.
  16. ^ City of Alcoa, Recreation & Community Buildings − History Archived September 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved: July 22, 2009.
  17. ^ City of Maryville, Maryville Historic Timeline. Retrieved: July 22, 2009.
  18. ^ "2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Blount County, TN" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved January 27, 2023. - Text list
  19. ^ "Proposed Law Would Hamper Alcoa, Tennessee Officials' Plans to Annex McGhee Tyson Airport," 2002. Originally published in the Knoxville News-Sentinel. Retrieved: July 22, 2009.
  20. ^ City of Alcoa, Street Names Archived September 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. 2007. Retrieved: July 21, 2009.
  21. ^ "18 Randall Cobb". University of Kentucky. Archived from the original on November 19, 2012. Retrieved November 10, 2012.
  22. ^ "David Glenn Davis". databaseFootball.com. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved November 10, 2012.
  23. ^ Tucker, Melanie. "Alcoa native wins prestigious national storytelling fellowship". The Daily Times. Retrieved June 19, 2020.
  24. ^ "SHANNON MITCHELL". profootballarchives.com. Archived from the original on September 4, 2014. Retrieved September 4, 2014.
  25. ^ "Rear Admiral Sidney A. Wallace" (PDF). United States Coast Guard. Retrieved May 8, 2014.
  26. ^ "Our Staff | Alcoa, TN". www.cityofalcoa-tn.gov. Retrieved September 25, 2022.
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