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New Jewel Movement

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New Joint Endeavor for Welfare, Education, and Liberation
AbbreviationNew JEWEL Movement
LeaderMaurice Bishop
Founded11 March 1973 (1973-03-11)
Dissolved29 October 1983 (1983-10-29)
Merger of
  • Joint Endeavor for Welfare, Education, and Liberation (JEWEL)
  • Organization for Revolutionary Education and Liberation (OREL)
  • Movement for Assemblies of the People (MAP)
Succeeded byMaurice Bishop Patriotic Movement
NewspaperThe New Jewel
Military wingPeople's Revolutionary Army
Ideology
Political positionFar-left
National affiliationPeople's Alliance (1976)
Colours
Slogan"Forward ever, backward never!
(French: En avant jambes, en arrière jamais!)

The New Joint Endeavor for Welfare, Education, and Liberation, or New JEWEL Movement (NJM), was a Marxist–Leninist vanguard party in the Caribbean island nation of Grenada that was led by Maurice Bishop.

Established in 1973, the NJM issued its manifesto prior to Grenada being granted independence from the United Kingdom in 1974.[3] The NJM took control of Grenada with a bloodless coup in 1979 and ruled by decree as the People's Revolutionary Government until 1983. In October of that year, Bishop and seven of his associates were killed by paramilitaries affiliated with hard-line elements in his own party. Those elements formed a military government, which was quickly deposed by a U.S. invasion later in October.

Origin

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The New JEWEL Movement (NJM) was established on 11 March 1973 as an alliance of (1) the Joint Endeavor for Welfare, Education, and Liberation (JEWEL); (2) the Organization for Revolutionary Education and Liberation; and (3) the Movement for Assemblies of the People (MAP).[4][5] Although "JEWEL" was originally an acronym, since then the organization's name has generally been spelled as "New Jewel Movement".

The NJM was led by a young lawyer named Maurice Bishop. Its manifesto was largely drafted by MAP's prominent intellectual, Franklyn Harvey, who had been influenced by the writings of C.L.R. James.[6]

In its early days, Bishop described the NJM as "a political party aimed at raising consciousness and taking political power if the accepted processes didn’t allow for electoral change."[7] The New Jewel newspaper, the party's principal publication, featured the motto: "Not Just Another Society – But a Just Society; Let Those who Labour Hold the Reins."[7]

From 1973 to 1979, the NJM functioned as an opposition party in Grenada. During those years, the country's political situation became increasingly polarized and violent. For the 1976 general election, the NJM forged an electoral coalition, known as the People's Alliance, with the Grenada National Party and United People's Party. However, the coalition lost to Prime Minister Eric Gairy's ruling Grenada United Labour Party. Many international observers branded the 1976 election as fraudulent.[5] In the late 1970s, the NJM became more militant and formed the National Liberation Army (NLA), also known as "the 12 Apostles".

Revolution

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On 13 March 1979, the NJM launched a revolutionary coup against the government of Prime Minister Gairy while he was away visiting the U.S.[8] Within hours, the NJM gained control of the country's military barracks, radio stations, government buildings, and police stations.[8] Maurice Bishop then suspended the constitution and announced that the NJM was now a provisional revolutionary government, the People's Revolutionary Government (PRG), with himself as Prime Minister.

Shortly after taking power, the NJM created the People's Revolutionary Army, granting them "the powers of arrest and search as are vested in the members of the Royal Grenada Police Force."[9]

After the revolution, the NJM described itself as a Marxist–Leninist vanguard party, but not a communist party because it didn't believe it had advanced sufficiently to earn that label. According to the NJM, it "practiced policies to reach a point where a communist party could be formed, but considered themselves unready, due to the party not being led by a proletarian class, and due to the low level of education in Marxist-Leninist politics."[10]

Foreign policy

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The new government looked to Cuba for aid since the PRG had a "strained relationship with the United States" right from the outset.[11] One of Bishop's first major projects was to supersede the small Pearls Airport on the north end of the island with a large, modern Point Salines International Airport on the south end. Over 600 Cuban construction workers were brought in to assist in the project.[8]

The NJM also worked closely with Cuba to provide assistance to left-wing revolutionary movements around the world, such as the South West African People's Organization (SWAPO) in Namibia and the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN) in El Salvador.[12]

Bishop's fall and the American intervention

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The leaders of the U.S. government, and several other Caribbean nations, expressed concerns about the NJM government because of its close ties with Cuba, its alleged military expansion, and its new airport that could be repurposed as a Soviet-Cuban airbase.[13]

By September 1983, a serious schism had developed within the NJM. Critics of Prime Minister Bishop, most notably Deputy Prime Minister Bernard Coard, doubted Bishop's effectiveness and attempted to convince him to enter into a power-sharing agreement with Coard, wherein the two men would be co-equal leaders of the country.[14] After a couple weeks of consideration, Bishop rejected the idea, and this split at the top level of the NJM resulted in grave political problems within the party and the government. Eventually, Coard ordered Bishop to be placed under house arrest.[15]

Bishop's arrest, once it became known, triggered demonstrations and strikes throughout the country. The demonstrations grew to a point where, on 19 October, Bishop was freed by a crowd estimated at 15,000 to 30.000 supporters.[16] Bishop led the crowd to army headquarters at Fort Rupert. Eventually a military force from Fort Frederick arrived at the headquarters and fighting broke out. Many civilians were killed.[8] Bishop and seven others—Jacqueline Creft, education minister; Norris Bain, housing minister; Unison Whiteman, foreign minister; and close supporters Fitzroy Bain, Keith Hayling, Evelyn Bullen and Evelyn Maitland—were lined up against a Fort Rupert courtyard wall for a lengthy period of time. They were then executed by a firing squad.[17] The military transported the bodies to an isolated peninsula known as Calivigny. "Their remains were put in a pit with tires and other debris, and set on fire."[17] The bodies of Bishop and the others have never been found.

Bishop's execution was followed by the formation of a military government under Hudson Austin. He announced a four-day curfew under which anyone who left home without authorization for any reason would be subject to summary execution. Six days later, the United States invaded Grenada and overthrew the Austin government. As a consequence of the successful U.S. invasion and occupation, the NJM ceased to exist.[7]

References

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  1. ^ Schoenhals, Kai P.; Melanson, Richard A. (1985). Revolution and intervention in Grenada: the New Jewel movement, the United States, and the Caribbean. Boulder: Westview press. p. 33. ISBN 0-8133-0225-0. identifying symbol of the NJM revolution appeared everywhere: a white flag containing a red disc.
  2. ^ Pool, Gail R. (1994). "Culture, Language and Revolution in Grenada". Anthropologica. JSTOR. p. 89. doi:10.2307/25605753. Retrieved 14 October 2023. A passage describing an NJM public event notes how the speaker's platform was painted Rastafari colours red, green and gold: "Since many members of the militia were youths who identified themselves with the Rastafarian movement, it was likely that the PRG [People's Revolutionary Government] was trying to associate the revolution with rasta ideology."
  3. ^ "The Manifesto of the New Jewel Movement", The Grenada Revolution Online.
  4. ^ Burrowes, Reynold (1998). Revolution and Rescue in Grenada: An Account of the U.S. Caribbean Invasion. Greenwood Press.
  5. ^ a b Nohlen, Dieter, ed. (2005). Elections in the Americas: A Data Handbook. Vol. 1: North America, Central America, and the Caribbean. p. 302. ISBN 978-0-19-928357-6.
  6. ^ Marable, Manning (1987). African and Caribbean Politics: From Kwame Nkrumah to the Grenada Revolution. Verso Books. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-860-91884-4.
  7. ^ a b c "New Jewel Movement (NJM) - Caribbean Glossary". Grenada Revo. 10 March 2019.
  8. ^ a b c d Sunkara, Bhaskar (25 October 2023). "The US invaded the island of Grenada 40 years ago. The legacy of revolution lives on". The Guardian.
  9. ^ Commonwealth Caribbean Constitutional Law. Routledge. 4 March 2013. ISBN 9781135338053 – via Google Books.
  10. ^ Nandwani, Ravi (2013). "The Rise and Fall of the New Jewel Movement in Grenada".
  11. ^ Williams, Gary (August 2002). "Brief Encounter: Grenadian Prime Minister Maurice Bishop's Visit to Washington". Journal of Latin American Studies. 34 (3): 659–685. JSTOR 3875464.
  12. ^ Domínguez, Jorge I. (1989). To Make a World Safe for Revolution: Cuba's Foreign Policy. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 165–166. ISBN 0-674-89325-5.
  13. ^ Gailey, Phil; Weaver Jr., Warren (26 March 1983). "Briefing". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 August 2024.
  14. ^ Fletcher, Jr., Bill (December 4, 2023). "Remembering the Rise and Fall of Grenada's New Jewel Movement". The Real News Network.
  15. ^ Burtenshaw, Ronan (2 September 2019). "Grenada's Revolution Should Never Be Forgotten". Jacobin.
  16. ^ "The Grenada 17: Last of the cold war prisoners?" (PDF). Amnesty International. October 2003.
  17. ^ a b Powers, Martine; Muldoon, Ted; Svirnovskiy, Rennie (8 December 2023). "U.S. may hold key to finding remains of Grenada's prime minister". The Washington Post.
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