Independence

The Finnish Senate of 1917, Prime Minister P. E. Svinhufvud in the head of table. The Senate declared Finland independent on 4 December 1917, and it was confirmed by parliament 6 December 1917^[1] which became the Independence Day of Finland.

Independence is a condition of a nation, country, or state, in which residents and population, or some portion thereof, exercise self-government, and usually sovereignty, over its territory. The opposite of independence is the status of a dependent territory or colony. The commemoration of the independence day of a country or nation celebrates when a country is free from all forms of colonialism; free to build a country or nation without any interference from other nations.

Definition of independence

Whether the attainment of independence is different from revolution has long been contested, and has often been debated over the question of violence as legitimate means to achieving sovereignty.^[2] In general, revolutions aim only to redistribute power with or without an element of emancipation, such as in democratization within a state, which as such may remain unaltered. For example, the Mexican Revolution (1910) chiefly refers to a multi-factional conflict that eventually led to a new constitution; it has rarely been used to refer to the armed struggle (1821) against Spain. However, some wars of independence have been described as revolutions, such as the ones in the United States (1783) and Indonesia (1949), while some revolutions that were specifically about a change in the political structure have resulted in breakaway states. Mongolia and Finland, for example, gained their independence during the revolutions occurring in China (1911) and Russia (1917) respectively. Causes for a country or province wishing to seek independence are many, but most can be summed up as a feeling of inequality compared to the dominant power. The means can extend from intended peaceful demonstrations as in the case of India (1947), to a violent war as in the case of Algeria (1962). In some cases, a country may also have declared independence, but may only be partially recognized by other countries; such as Kosovo (2008), whose independence Serbia, from which Kosovo has seceded, has not formally recognized.^[3]^[4]^[5]

Distinction between independence and autonomy

Autonomy refers to a kind of independence which has been granted by an overseeing authority that itself still retains ultimate authority over that territory (see Devolution). A protectorate refers to an autonomous region that depends upon a larger government for its protection as an autonomous region.

Right to independence

During the 20th century wave of decolonization colonies gained rights to independence through documents such as the 1960 Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, but this right remained mostly applicable only to unfree territorial entities, such as colonies.^[6] How much these rights apply to all people has been a crucial point of discussion. The rights to nationality and self-determination allow clarification. The right of self-determination allows self-governance, as for example in the case of indigenous peoples, but is not a right of secession, except in extreme cases of oppression as a remedy from the oppression.^[7] Therefore, the right to secession is generally determined by the legislation of sovereign states and independence by the capacity to be a state.

Declarations of independence

Ismail Kemal at the first anniversary of the Assembly of Vlorë which proclaimed the independence of Albania (28 November 1912)

Sometimes, a state wishing to achieve independence from a dominating power will issue a declaration of independence; the earliest surviving example is Scotland's Declaration of Arbroath in 1320, with the most recent examples being Azawad's declaration of independence in 2012 and Catalan declaration of independence in 2017. Declaring independence and attaining it, however, are quite different. A well-known successful example is the U.S. Declaration of Independence issued in 1776. The dates of established independence (or, less commonly, the commencement of revolution), are typically celebrated as a national holiday known as an independence Day.

Historical overview

Historically, there have been four major periods of declaring independence:

from the 1770s, beginning with the American Revolutionary War through the 1830s, when the last royalist bastions fell at the close of the Spanish American wars of independence;
the immediate aftermath of the First World War following the breakup of the Ottoman, Austro-Hungarian, Russian, German empires;
1945 to c. 1979, when seventy newly independent states emerged from the European colonial empires like India, Algeria etc. and the collapse of the Nazi German Reich and the Empire of Japan;^[8]
and the early 1990s, following the breakup of the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.

Continents

	No.	Most Recent Country to Gain Independence
Africa	54	South Sudan (2011)
Americas	35	Saint Kitts and Nevis (1983)^[a]
Asia	44	East Timor (2002)
Europe	50^[b]	Montenegro (2006)
Oceania	14	Palau (1994)^[c]
Antarctica	N/A	de facto condominium international

Notes

^
Independence from the United Kingdom.
^ ^{a b}
Part of Transcaucasian Region, at the crossroads of Europe and Asia. Physiographically, Armenia falls entirely in Western Asia, while Georgia and Azerbaijan are mostly in Asia with small portions north of the Caucasus Mountains divide in Europe.
^
An independent state in free association with the United States.

References

^ Osmo Jussila – Seppo Hentilä – Jukka Nevakivi (1999). From Grand Duchy to a Modern State: A Political History of Finland Since 1809. London: C. Hurst & Co. p. 103. ISBN 0-8093-9112-0.
^ Benjamin, Walter (1996) [1921]. Walter Benjamin: Selected Writings, Volume 1: 1913–1926. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 236–252. ISBN 0-674-94585-9.
^ "Kosovo MPs proclaim independence". BBC News. February 17, 2008.
^ "The world's newest state". The Economist. February 21, 2008.
^ "International recognitions of the Republic of Kosovo". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on May 15, 2021. Retrieved July 6, 2021.
^ "Legal Aspects of Self-Determination". The Princeton Encyclopedia of Self-Determination. February 11, 1918. Retrieved March 31, 2022.
^ Shrinkhal, Rashwet (2021). ""Indigenous sovereignty" and right to self-determination in international law: a critical appraisal". AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples. 17 (1). SAGE Publications: 71–82. doi:10.1177/1177180121994681. ISSN 1177-1801. S2CID 232264306.
^ David Armitage, The Declaration of Independence in World Context, Organization of American Historians, Magazine of History, Volume 18, Issue 3, Pp. 61–66 (2004)

v t e Secessions by country
Africa	Mali South Africa
Asia	China Hong Kong Macau Taiwan Tibet Xinjiang India Khalistan Sikkim Indonesia Iraq Pakistan Philippines Russia Siberia Turkey
Europe	Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Russia Spain United Kingdom
North America	Canada Alberta Quebec Denmark (Greenland) United States
Oceania	Australia Tasmania Western Australia
South America	Brazil
Historical	All-Russian Empire Bangladesh Czechoslovakia Indian subcontinent Ottoman Empire Prussia Republic of Venice Soviet Union Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata Yugoslavia
Active separatist movements Historical separatist movements Independence referendum Irredentism Secession Separatism